future of policing proposal - 1169 Words

Future of Policing Proposal Team B CJA 214 May 11, 2014 University of Phoenix Future of Policing Proposal Policing is not just keeping the peace in today’s society. Police officers have several responsibilities and also new technology to learn. New technology helps law enforcement preform a better job in communication, crime solving, decreasing crime and making communities a better place to live for citizens and their families. Biometrics and GPS tracking are two useful technologies’ that have made the police able to catch criminals, and solve crimes quicker and more sufficient. Biometrics modalities used by law enforcement is fingerprints, DNA (Blood), and patterns of the voice and faces of victims. Then GPS Tracking†¦show more content†¦It allows an agency to makes inquiries 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. IAFIS aids policing organizations in solving and preventing crimes and catching criminals before they break the law again. The system gives law enforcement access to its automatic fingerprint database, its considerable search capacity, electronic picture stor age, and allows for the electronic exchange of fingerprints. The system contains the information on over 70 million criminal subjects in its master file along with the fingerprints of 73,000 known and suspected terrorists investigated by the United States and international law enforcement agencies. All biometric systems do have a potential weakness associated with it. Unlike passwords and pin codes which can be changed easily, fingerprints cannot be altered. Should the stored digital copy be stolen and used for fraudulent transactions, the user would have little recourse to fix the situation as they cannot change their prints. They would be unable to use any biometric fingerprint scanner in the future as there will always be doubts and concerns about the authenticity of their prints. Gun use and safety is an important issue around the world and especially in the United States. Mytec Technologies are working with American firearms manufacturer Smith Wesson on a smart gun. The partnership is intended to create a gun that will prevent anyone other than authorized users from shootingShow MoreRelatedTesting the Effectiveness of the CCTV Cameras in West Palm Beach, Florida1595 Words   |  6 Pages2009), suggesting a lack of methodological rigor in these previous studies (Short Ditton, 1995). Given these shortcomings, the objective of this research proposal is to test the effectiveness of CCTV, while providing support to emerging methodological techniques in the study of CCTV. In accomplishing the first objective, this research proposal will test the effectiveness of CCTV cameras in West Palm Beach, Florida, using a pretest-posttest matched control group design. This design is the best methodRead MoreA New Community Based Policing Program1037 Words   |  5 PagesAGENCY NAME: Phoenix Police Department PROPOSAL NAME: Phoenix Police Service Academy (PPSA) ______ SUBMITTED BY: Marisol Edith Ortega DATE: March 7th, 2015. COSTS: Year Total General Fund Budget Year $1,065,058 $1,065,058 Year 2 $1,000,000 $1,000,000 Year 3 $1,000,000 $1,000,000 INTRODUCCTORY SUMMARY: The Police Department proposes to implement a new community-based policing program for young men and women in police operations and law enforcement practices. The program will serveRead MoreThe Budgeting Process At The United States1495 Words   |  6 PagesPolice departments across the United States are spending a lot more money today on policing than they did 15 years ago, as demands have changed on what is required to effectively run an organization. Governments have put in place various budgeting systems that generally revolve around the adoption of a fiscal calendar which begins on the date new annual budget laws become effective. When the time comes to prepare for yearly budgets, most agencies run into issues due to lack of funding as they areRead MoreThe United States Of America Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesmiddle-class families. She plans to restore basic fairness, provide relief to hard-working families, simplify taxes for small businesses, and clo se corporate and Wall Street loopholes. Referring to the â€Å"Hillary for America† article, it states Clintons proposals on the tax code. â€Å"Hillary is committed to restoring basic fairness in our tax code and ensuring that the wealthiest Americans and large corporations pay their fair share, while providing tax relief to working families† (Hillary for America). AsRead MoreA List Of Robert Peel s Twelve Standards Of Policing Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesA list of Robert Peel’s twelve standards of policing proposed consists of the following elements listed below: 1. â€Å"All police officers should be detailed and proficient similar to others within the security industry. 2. Police officers should align themselves with their countries policies and procedures. These methods aid support in displaying their professionalism skills. 3. The police officer has to investigate criminal activities. 4. Social Media has a significant influence on crime. 5. PoliceRead MoreCja 484 Entire Class Week 1 – 5 All Assignments and Discussion Questions1869 Words   |  8 Pagespresent, and future trends of the criminal justice component you select. Discuss the budgetary and managerial impact that future trends will likely have not only on the component you select, but also on the other components of the criminal justice system. Be sure to include current research data (qualitative and quantitative) in your analysis. Week 1 DQ1 What is an example of a past/current trend that has heavily impacted the criminal justice environment? How do past, current, and future trends impactRead MoreCja 484 Entire Course1853 Words   |  8 Pagespresent, and future trends of the criminal justice component you select. Discuss the budgetary and managerial impact that future trends will likely have not only on the component you select, but also on the other components of the criminal justice system. Be sure to include current research data (qualitative and quantitative) in your analysis. Week 1 DQ1 What is an example of a past/current trend that has heavily impacted the criminal justice environment? How do past, current, and future trends impactRead MoreRelationship Between Mexico And Mexico1425 Words   |  6 Pagesargued, they neglected to remember their desire to enable trans-border relations. Their initial intent was to create border cities that trading goods, labor, and capital in order to enhance their economies and strengthen relations. On the contrary, proposals have been made to build electric fences or even massive concrete walls. The United States and Mexico must take note of Article XXI of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. â€Å"If unhappily any disagreement should hereafter arise between the governments ofRead MoreThe New York City Aids Housing1450 Words   |  6 Pagesattempts to help the consumer meet their most basic needs. This is an attempt to address the various other concerns that lead to drug use. One of the most important ideas brought up by Evelyn was the forceful policing of drug users targeted at their facility. First, the ideas of forceful policing are a cultural shift brought about by the war on drugs. The militarization of the policy and the criminalization of drug use were both rewarded through federal grants. Following this we have targeted arrestsRead MoreThe Death Of Michael Brown1585 Words   |  7 Pages In May of 2015, the Department of Justice and President Obama announced a $20 million dollar Body-Worn Camera (BWC) Pilot Partnership Program to respond to law enforcement and to the communities they serve. The proposal called to purchase 50,000 body-worn cameras to be use by for law enforcement agencies across the United States and was created as a response to the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner where excessive force by police was used. The President like

Leadership For An Advanced Practice Nurse - 997 Words

Individual Leadership Assessment Paper Meta Cristiano NUR 604-QM2: Leadership in Advanced Nursing Practice Roles School of Nursing University of Alabama at Birmingham Fall, 2016 Individual Leadership Assessment Leadership is a very important role for an advanced practice nurse. There are many leadership styles a person can utilize when working in a collaborative team environment. It is the responsibility of an advance practice nurse to take on a leadership role and finding which leadership style to adapt can determine the success of creating a successful work environment. The purpose of this paper is to analyze different styles of leadership, assess our emotional intelligence finding our strength and weakness and lastly defining leadership in our own terms. Assessing Emotional Intelligence Having self awareness is a significant attribute to utilize when leading/managing others, interacting in social events and making personal decisions. Having the insight to distinguish your emotions, then using that knowledge to manage your behavior and relationships is being emotionally intelligent (Bradberry Greaves, 2009). After using the Emotional Appraisal Instrument, I learned that self-awareness is my strongest emotional intelligence (EI) skill and my weakest EI skill is social awareness (TalentSmart, Inc., 2016). In my future role as an advance practice nurse I will be spending my time interacting with patients discussing their complaintsShow MoreRelatedNursing As A Graduate Degree Program883 Words   |  4 Pagesvast growth in the world. Gone are the days whereby nurses are not allowed to obtain a doctoral degree in their field (Reid-Pointe Nicholas, 2015). Per Reid-Pointe Nicholas (2015), about70-years ago, nurses could only obtain a doctoral degree in non-nursing field. However, today, nurses have the choice to obtain a doctoral degree with research focus or practice centered doctoral degree (Reid-Pointe Nicholas, 2015). The idea that nurses now have different doctoral options to concentrate onRead MoreA Nurse with the Most Knowledge and Skill is an Advanced Practice Nurse789 Words   |  4 PagesAn advanced practice nurse is thought to be intimately linked to advanced knowledge and skill. In defining the advanced practice nurse and giving insight on the principal foundation of ad vanced practice, the International Council of Nurses states that an advanced practice nurse is a registered nurse who has developed the skilled knowledge base, multifaceted decision making skills, and clinical proficiencies for extended practice. Completing an advanced nursing degree increases and develops advancedRead MoreAdvanced Practice Nursing Roles1618 Words   |  7 Pages Advanced Practice Nursing Roles Pauline Okwuosa South University Advanced Practice Nursing Roles Between the mid1960’s to 80’s, physicians collaborated with nurses who had clinical experience and those who were interested in obtaining experience. In 1965, low-income women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities were covered under the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This sudden availability of coverage increased the demand for expanded primary care services, but physicians wereRead MoreFuture of Nursing1315 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of Nursing July 14, 2013 The Future of Nursing According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the nursing profession is the largest population in the nation s health care workforce with over three million members. Because of this, nurses have a fundamental role in the transformation of the nation s rapidly changing health care environment. To achieve this role, the IOM addressed several key recommendations to serve as a guide to the direction of the future of nursing (InstituteRead MoreLeadership And The Graduate Nurse Role1144 Words   |  5 Pages Leadership and The Graduate Nurse Role Meha Patel South University â€Æ' Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role Leadership is a core competency in the field of advanced practice nursing (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy, O’Grady, 2014). Graduate level nurses exercise leadership across four major spheres including nursing profession, clinical practice environments, health policy, and at the system level. This paper provides and analysis of the author’s leadership style and attributes, a descriptionRead MoreCore Competencies Fnp vs Cna Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesCore Competencies of a Clinical Nurse Practitioner and a Non-Clinical Nurse Administrator Susan Brown South University Dr. Donna Falsetti Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse – NSG5000 October 7, 2012 Although both the non-clinical nursing administrator and the clinical nurse practitioner are both advanced positions in the field of nursing, they are not the same position that requires the same core competencies across the board. Nursing is a challenging field of study that allows for similaritiesRead MoreNurse Management and Leadership Case Study969 Words   |  4 PagesNurse Management and Leadership Case Study Nurse Management and Leadership Case Study Introduction Good leadership is necessary in every business organization. When it comes to nursing, every health center must have a good leadership that supports the nurses so that they can maximize their performance. However, for leadership to be of good quality there needs to be a good working environment in all aspects (Pinelli et al., 2004). The following is a case study illustrating an ideal working environmentRead MoreWorking in the Nursing Profession in Australia630 Words   |  3 Pagesof an enrolled nurse encompass both educational and professional experiences. An advanced enrolled nurse has sought out additional training, education, and/or qualifications as well as has breadth or depth of clinical experience and knowledge and is currently active in practice (Adrian 2005: 4). The nurse can operate with minimal direct supervision and has also undertaken leadership roles in a managerial or clinical capacity (Adrian 2005: 4). Domains of proficiency of the nurse include professionalRead MoreComparision of the Competencies for Advanced Practice Nurses663 Words   |  3 PagesAdvanced practice nurses have core competencies that are similar or are specific to each specialization defined as an advanced practice. The profession of nursing presents favorable circumstances for nurses to specialize in roles with distinct responsibilities and opportunities to contribute to the function of a health care industry with growing demands and complexity. The profession of nursing continues to debate to whom the title advanced practice nurse applies to. Examination of the core conceptRead MoreInterview With A Certified Nurse Practitioner1446 Words   |  6 Pagesever evolving, remarkably changing the sphere of nursing practice. The roles of Advanced Nurse Practice practitioners are expanding, taking up a multitude of roles across a diversified healthcare specialties. Advance Nurse Practice practitioner stands as leader i n this comprehensive profession bridging the gap in management and clinical aspect of care (McDermott Morant, 2010), reflecting the complexity of culture, organization and practice setting (Hyrkas Dende,2008) to improve the quality of

Liberal Education as a Livingstone Free Essays

During a time when unemployment is at its lowest since World War II, one would think that finding a job would be easy. However, at this point in time, applicants for jobs are more qualified than ever. The competition for well-paid jobs is stiff, and in order to get ahead people need not only skill in one certain area, but a general intelligence of many subjects as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Liberal Education as a Livingstone or any similar topic only for you Order Now A liberal education provides the general knowledge that gives job applicants an extra edge when applying for a job. With a base of knowledge in the liberal arts and a specialization in a certain area, people prove to be beneficial to employers. Throughout this paper, I will use the term â€Å"liberal education† not only in describing subjects like English, history, philosophy etc. , but as Livingstone describes a liberal education: an education which â€Å"aims at producing as perfect and complete a human being as may be. † In using the term â€Å"liberal education† I expect that all graduates of a liberal arts college have an expertise in rhetoric, as the art of speaking and writing well is a key focus in the curriculum. I will also use the â€Å"specialized education† in reference to Livingstone†s definition: an education â€Å"which aims at earning a living or making money†. Undergraduates pursuing a liberal undergraduate education have an advantage over people with a specialized undergraduate education because liberal education provides a greater versatility in terms of a broader base of knowledge so that finding a job and excelling in different areas is easier. Training in art of rhetoric, which today is defined as the art of speaking and writing effectively, is a valuable asset for job hunters. Specialized undergraduate curriculums focus less on rhetoric than liberal arts curriculums. A person with training in rhetoric would be hired over another applicant due to their expertise in communicating ideas effectively through speech and writing. Companies aim to employ intelligent people who can express themselves wisely and eloquently because in nearly every profession, writing well and persuading others to one†s opinion is essential: scientists have to apply for grants in order to fund their research and experiments; businessmen must present proposals and of course, columnists and authors who have not mastered the skill of rhetoric are less likely to find a job and be successful in terms of status and salary. Ability to express oneself clearly and effectively designates to what level one may raise in the corporate ladder, for people with refined writing skills benefit companies to a large extent, while people with less skill in writing have less influence, and therefore less power. People with a liberal education are skilled in multiple areas and therefore can be of more benefit to employers. Rather than a specialized study in one area, a liberal education provides students with a broad range of knowledge that attracts employers. As Virtruvius says, liberal education teaches the student the connection between different disciplines. Knowing and realizing the relationship between subjects, an employee can perform a greater number of tasks and learn new ones more rapidly thus being more valuable to a company. Should a man lose his job due to it becoming extinct or other reasons, a liberal education would provide a better cushion to fall back on because of the diversity of subjects studied. For example, if a court stenographer loses his job due to a new audio technology that records and word-processes court proceedings, he would not have to, in a sense, start over for lack of knowledge in other areas. Utilizing his knowledge in rhetoric, philosophy, history, and other humanities, he could find another job without going back to school. On the other hand, the opposition would report that a liberal education would not benefit many people because a curriculum based on the humanities repels many students. Rather than take courses that disinterest them, students should specialize in subjects they enjoy. One should not waste money on an education that does not focus on one†s interests; an education that does not stimulate the student is a failed education. In order to make the most out of undergraduate years, the students should study what interests them. In rebuttal, a liberal education does not suit every personality or preference. However, in the job market, having a liberal undergraduate education and a specialized graduate education gives people an advantage, for not only are they trained specially in their specific area, but they also have a general knowledge of the liberal arts. Students interested in areas such as technology and sciences should take classes that interest them. However, in addition to the sciences courses, rhetoric classes would prove beneficial even in a scientific line of study. Every occupation entails writing in some way, and sharpening one†s writing skills only reaps more benefits when searching for a job. Many people interested in the sciences and technologies specialize during their undergraduate years, and therefore miss out on training in rhetoric. Specialists who take classes to improve writing are better-prepared and more likely for find a job. Another argument of the opposition: people who start specializing during undergraduate years are better prepared for graduate school. They master and excel in one specific area of study. Whereas, it would take someone with a general undergraduate education a longer time to master a specific area of study because of the attention spent on a broad education during undergraduate years. Instead of spending thousands of dollars on a general education, students could use the four years to specialize in the field that they enjoy. A liberal education may prove beneficial for students who are unsure about their major, but focused students should not waste their time on general education. Students who know what they want to focus on should specialize their education in order to expedite their college time and either start a masters degree or start their careers. It may take longer for a generally trained undergraduate to specialize in a certain area, but then again, if they are trained in understanding the connection between different areas of study, they may be able to pick up different subjects more quickly. There are really two issues here to refute. First, when studying, why is everything such a rush? People are in a hurry to enter the job force rather than to take their time during their schooling. I suppose the answer to the question is money. While people are in school they pay thousands of dollars and receive very little back in comparison. Once they start working they can begin the payback period. Sadly, those who enter the workforce first do win in the sense that they can start paying back their debt, while the people still in school keep accumulating debt. Second, even if people with a liberal arts education enter the workforce at the same time, they are not at a disadvantage in terms of knowledge capability as the previous argument concludes. In fact, liberal arts undergraduates may be at a slight advantage in terms of useful knowledge. For example, two applicants for a job have both had the same graduate education but one (person 1) had been trained in the liberal arts during undergraduate years, and the other (person 2) had specialized earlier. Assuming the two candidates preformed equally in gradate school, which may not be a fair assumption due to person 2†³s past knowledge and previous study, however, for argument†s sake, assume both were successful in graduate school. An employer would choose person 1 because of the liberal arts background on top of the specialized graduate schooling. An employer would know that people with a liberal arts background are not only intelligent in their specific line of study, but also understand the connection between disciplines, and would choose the person with the broad base of education. In discussing liberal arts training, one assumes that every student who graduates has a well-developed knowledge of all the subjects a liberal education offers. However, it is not fair to assume that every student attending a liberal arts undergraduate school explores each subject extensively and excels in every class. Many students take advantage of the time they spend in undergraduate school by partying on weeknights and coming to class so tired that they cannot concentrate on the lesson, or even worse, they skip class all together. This careless behavior towards schooling hurts not only the students† understanding of the material, but their grades as well. It is time that all upperclassmen graduate with honors rather than just slide by. The effect on the community and world would be astounding. Thousands of great minds graduate from college every year and become success stories like Bill Gates. Imagine every college student intellectually on par with the smartest graduate. Our world would be a different place. That is the place to which we should strive, and we have reached out goal when everyone achieves individual excellence. 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Hepatitis Essay Research Paper Hepatitis In modern free essay sample

Hepatitis Essay, Research Paper Hepatitis In modern society when a individual gets ill with the grippe or a cold they will normally travel about their normal modus operandi with the exclusion of a sneezing or a cough throughout the twenty-four hours. Sometimes things can be more than what they appear to be. The symptoms start out like the grippe with coughing, febrility, achings, and purging. However, the disease bit by bit worsens with symptoms of utmost failing and excrushatating abdominal hurting. By so it is normally excessively late when the individual finds out that their liver is neglecting and that there disease is caused by one of the most contagious, unsafe and deadliest of viruses. These viruses that were ab initio concealed by grippes like symptoms are now known jointly as the disease of Hepatitis. The disease of Hepatitis is really by six different types of viral infections, viz. , Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis descries the destructive affect of the viral invasion of the organic structure and liver by six and separate viruses. Each type of viral infection varies from one to another in grade of badness. The names of the viruses are in alphabetical order matching to their find. There is besides a non-viral Hepatitis which is caused by substance. One rumour that has spread about hepatitis is that a individual can merely contract Hepatitis if associated with HIV or AIDS. This is non true! Any one can go septic with Hepatitis. Unfortunately this is about all most people know of Hepatitis. They need to cognize the full horror of which the virus is capable. The first of the Hepatitis viral infection to be discovered is Hepatitis A. Hep. A is the mild mannered virus compared to the other viruses. It has the symptoms of grippe, febrility, purging, loss of appetency, and weakening of organic structure, but it does hold some differences such as icterus ( a yellowing pigmentation of the tegument and Whites of the eyes ) and urine appears to be a darker colour. Jaundice is caused by an copiousness of bilirubon which has non been removed from the blood system due to the infected liver. Hep. Angstrom does non hold any particular medicines or antibiotics that can be used to handle or forestall this unpleasant virus. Some ways of avoiding this viral infection include rinsing the custodies really carefully and non eating nutrient or drink of others. Peoples populating in the same house or holding close contact should clean the country really exhaustively. When a individual has contracted and so recovered from this virus, he or she is now immune fo r the balance of his or her life and will non transport the virus. The virus can impact anyone, but immature kids and older grownups are more susceptible. Peoples can convey the virus straight to each other or indirectly by consuming an septic individuals nutrient or drink. Then the individual will consume the contaminated nutrient or drink. The disease can besides be spread by contaminated imbibing H2O, blood, organic structure fluids and tissue, and endovenous acerate leafs used by drug users. The virus is contagious for a hebdomad before symptoms are experient and go oning until recovery from the icterus symptom ( Hepatitis A 1996 pg. 1 ) . The intent of a individuals liver is to filtrate out harmful toxins that get into the blood. An illustration of the map of the liver is similar to the usage of a noodle strainer. The noodles are assorted with the H2O like the toxin assorted with the blood. The strainer removes the noodles from the H2O like the liver removes the toxin from the blood. The noodles stay in, but the H2O goes through. If a individual were non to hold a liver or it isn # 8217 ; t working in the proper mode the individual would endure utmost blood toxic condition and dice. Hepatitis B can ensue in such malfunction of the liver. Hep. B causes the liver to go inflamed. Normally the people that get infected with Hep. B can contend off the virus, but there are some persons that are unable to contend. This would include people infected with HIV or AIDS. The symptoms of Hep. B are really similar to Hep. A, loss of appetency, sickness and emesis, fever, failing of organic structure which may last up to several hebdomads even months, abdominal hurting, blackening of piss, and icterus ( American Liver Foundation June 1993 pg. 2 ) . The lone vaccinum that is used on Hep. B is called Saccharomyces cerevesia ( common bakers yeast ) ( Hepatitis B 1992 pg. 4 ) . There is still the old place redress of tonss of bed remainder, but left untreated can ensue in cirrhosis or even liver malignant neoplastic disease. Cirrhosis is a disease caused by a virus such as Hep. B assailing the liver cells ensuing in the liver organizing scare tissue. When there is scare tissue the liver becomes difficult and chunky and backs the blood flow up. This will do the hemorrhaging of venas in the tummy and gorge and will do emesis of blood. Hep. B is spread in many similar ways in which Hep. A is dispersed, in fact most all Hepatitis s are spread in the same manner, but there are its differences. Hep. B can be spread through a broad scope of human contact including sexual contact with an septic individual, every bit good as merely populating in the same country with a individual who has the Hep. B virus. It is the most contagious of the Hepatitis viruses. It s even more contagious than HIV or AIDS, and it s the most normally contracted of the viruses ( American Liv er Foundation June 1993pg. 3 ) . Hepatitis C, once known as non-A, non-B Hepatitis is really similar to Hep. B in that they both cause cirrhosis and liver malignant neoplastic disease, except that the Hep. C virus is caused by a bloodbrone virus. Symptoms of the virus are of the undermentioned: loss of appetency, weariness, sickness and emesis, abdominal hurting, and icterus. # 8220 ; Approximately twenty five per centum of people infected with Hep. C will go ill with icterus or other symptoms of Hep. Fifty per centum of these individuals may travel on to develop chronic liver disease. # 8221 ; Besides some people that have been infected with the virus may re chief contagious for old ages ( Hepatitis C 1996 pg. 1 ) . At the present minute there is no vaccinum for the Hep. C virus, but there is a intervention that is used to assist with chronic symptoms of the virus. This drug is called interferon alpha-2b. This drug AIDSs in the recovery of the liver ( MAYO 1993 pg. 7 ) . The chief causes of Hep. C transmittal are the usage of endovenous acerate leafs by drug users and blood transfusions ( since May 1990, blood contribution centres have used a blood screen to detected Hep. C which has greatly diminished the figure of instances ) ( Hepatitis C 1996 pg. 1-2 ) . Hepatitis D, the ace adult male of Hepatitis s. Hep. D is about indistinguishable to Hep. B, except that D is about every bit twice every bit strong as B. The symptoms of this ace virus is like an utmost instance of the grippe, loss of appetency, fever, failing, purging, and icterus, merely that this virus can do liver harm and be really unsafe if non cared for. The lone intervention for this virus is to acquire medical attending every bit shortly as possible and from there the physicians will find what to make. Case of Hep. D are merely found in West Africa and Asia where it has become epidemic like paportions and instances reported in the U.S. are really rare. The ground the virus is so common is because in 3rd universe states the H2O system is really hapless. Peoples are imbibing and bathing in the same Waterss that are being contaminated with human fecal matters. ( American Liver Foundation June 1993 pg. 3 ) . Hepatitis E is in a category all of its ain. Scientist have researched this virus for short period of clip and what they have discover is that it will, from surveies, that this virus will kill adult females particularly if they are pregnant. If a individual wanted to handle Hep. Tocopherol they would hold to hold medical attending every bit shortly as symptoms appear. Hep. Tocopherol is the rarest of all the different Hepatitis virus in the U.S. This is one of the viruses that is besides really common in the 3rd universe states. This is because of the disregard of medical attending and hapless H2O systems. It has been discovered that the Hepatitis G virus is now in world. The ground for the skip of the missive F is because it s in argument between scientist that do believe there is such a virus and scientist that don t believe it that it is a Hepatitis virus. The symptoms of the newest of virus s is that it # 8220 ; will put up store in the liver, doing relentless infection, harm, and sometimes cancer. # 8221 ; So in bend the virus starts in the liver and works its manner out into the organic structure. The individual starts with icterus and so the grippe like symptoms appear. Scientist have traced a similar virus back a monkey. They believe that the virus has gone through a DNA mutant. Not merely has it gone through a mutant from carnal infection into a human infection, but it besides has three separate spices of viruses inside of the 1. The opportunity for a vaccinum is far into the really future ( Fackelmann April 1996 pg. 238-239 ) . Medical attending is one of the most of import things that need to be done when believed that one ego has contracted one of these viruses. What is to be done when a individual has contracted it from the physician. The 1 that is supposed to assist the ill non injury. This is a cardinal factor in today s life manner. These viruses are being discovered every twenty-four hours. Hepatitis G was discovered merely this twelvemonth and right now scientist are discoursing conditions or non to see the hepatitis F to be a virus or non. These things in life are non vanishing at that place merely acquiring bigger and people are traveling to hold to make something about these jobs. af9 Fackelmann, Kathleen. # 8220 ; The Hepatitis G Enigma. # 8221 ; Science News Apr 13, 1996: 238-239. UMI Company. CD-ROM. Unknown Author. # 8220 ; Hepatitis C. # 8221 ; MAYO Summer 1993: 7-8. New York State Dept. of Health. Hepatitis A. [ Online ] Available goffer: hepa.txt at mole.health.state.ny.us, 11-13-96 New York State Dept. of Health. Hepatitis C. [ Online ] Available goffer: hepa.txt at mole.health.state.ny.us, 11-13-96 Rossi, Lisa. Hepatitis. [ Online ] Available usenet: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.upmc.edu/news/hepabg1.htm. Schlepphorst, Richard. October 6,1996. Doctor of Blessing Hospital. [ Unpublished Interview ] . Quincy, Il. Appendix A Schlepphorst, Richard. October 6, 1996. Doctor of Blessing Hospital. [ Unpublished Interview ] . Quincy, IL. Question I. What are the symptoms? Ans. The symptoms of hepatitis are really similar to the grippe. Question II. How does one travel by proving the virus? Ans. Blood trial, piss. Question III. Is it a bacterium or virus? Ans. It is a virus, but so there is the non-viral hepatitis. Question IV. What is non-viral hepatitis. Ans. Non-viral hepatitis is caused by substance. Question V. What is hepatitis? Ans. It s a infection of the liver. Question VI. Which of the six viruses are most common in the U.S. ? Ans. Hepatitis B. Question VII. How is the virus spread? Ans. It is spread through H2O, blood, organic structure fluids. Question VIII. What is the intervention for hepatitis? Ans. Bed remainder, medical specialty from physicians. Question IX. What is the most common age the virus is found in? Ans. Young kids to older grownups. Question Ten. Which of the six viruses is the most unsafe? Ans. Hepatitis D is known to be the deadliest, but is really rare in the U.S.

Gila Woodpecker Essays - Woodpeckers, Melanerpes, Gila Woodpecker

Gila Woodpecker Animals of all kinds are struggling to survive as our world changes. Day by day, people require even more space, food, etc., and all these demands put a squeeze on the earth's resources, including its wildlife. The biggest problem for wildlife today is that people destroy and change natural landscapes and animals lose places that they need to live in. Otherwise known as Melanerpes uropygialis, the Gila woodpecker is being threatened with extinction. There is a large environmental impact on this endangered animal. The Gila woodpecker is very unique bird in which no similar species overlap its range. In relation there is the Red-bellied Woodpecker and the Golden-fronted Woodpecker. There is much to know about the Gila woodpecker and its environment. The Gila woodpecker has a zebra-striped back and a plain, grayish tan head and breast. They have black wings, which are spotted with white. The white spots can be seen while the bird is in flight. It has a white rear and upper tail with small dark barring. The adult males have small, red caps on the top of their head. These woodpeckers are chisel-billed and wood boring. They also have very powerful feet, extremely long tongues, and stiff spiny tails that act as tails while climbing. The Gila woodpecker reaches about 23 cm in length. The Gila woodpeckers all have a similar habitat. Most live in California riparian woodlands, cottonwood groves, parklands and residential neighborhoods that have tall trees all year round. Also, the Gila woodpecker is common in cactus woodlands in southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico. The Gila woodpecker is especially noisy and is known for making saguaro-hole homes. Woodpeckers tend to use the same nesting hold twice, but the holes are often taken by rodents and other animals. After constructing these holes in trees, they tend to resemble aviary apartment houses. The diet of the Gila woodpecker consists of insects, ants and mistletoe berries in the winter. They make their homes in dead tree limbs and trunks. Females, who do not have red caps on their head, usually lay 3-5 eggs, which hatch in April. The young can fly in approx. one month and in most conditions a second brood fledges by late June. The reasons for the decline of the Gila woodpecker are competition with European starling. Also, few healthy native woodlands remain, which force birds into less than ideal habitats. Most people feel it is important to save wildlife, but sometimes conservation appears to interfere with other seemingly important things. If, for example, people make a living by cutting down trees, they may feel that the protection of an endangered species puts their jobs in jeopardy. Business making large profits from an industry may not want to change their practices in order to preserve species either. Governments may become involved in resolving these issues, but because of these issues, saving the wildlife is quite a difficult task. Most endangered species are not well known. Many are not cute or appealing to humans. Nevertheless, these creatures often play vital roles in nature. They are all part of a life known to exist in the universe, and worth a great effort to keep alive in the wild habitats of this home we share.

How Many Years a President Can Serve

How Many Years a President Can Serve U.S. presidents are limited to serving two elected four-year terms in the White House and as many as two years of another presidents term. That means the longest any president could serve is 10 years, though no one has been in the White House that long since Congress passed the constitutional amendment on term limits. How many years a president can serve in the White House is spelled out in the 22nd amendment  to the  U.S. Constitution, which states no person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice. However, if an individual becomes president through the  order of succession they are allowed to serve an additional two years. Why Limited to 2 Terms The amendment defining limits on how many terms can a president serve was approved by Congress on March 21, 1947, during the administration of President Harry S. Truman. It was ratified by the states on Feb. 27, 1951. Before the 22nd Amendment, the Constitution did not limit the number of presidential terms to two, though many early presidents including George Washington imposed such a limit on themselves. Many argue that the 22nd Amendment merely put on paper the unwritten tradition held by presidents of retiring after two terms. Before the ratification of the 22nd Amendment, Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected to four terms in the White House in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944. Roosevelt died less than a year into his fourth term, but he is the only president to have served more than two terms. Congressional Republicans proposed the 22nd Amendment in response to Roosevelts four election victories. Historians have written that the party felt such a move was the best way to invalidate and discredit the popular progressives legacy. Defined In 22nd Amendment The relevant section of the 22nd Amendment defining presidential terms  reads: No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. American presidents are elected for four-year terms. While the 22nd Amendment limits presidents to two full terms in office, it also allows them to serve two years at most of another presidents term. That means the most any president can serve in the White House is 10 years. History The framers of the Constitution originally considered a lifetime appointment by Congress for the president. When this proposal failed, they discussed whether the president should be elected by either the Congress, the people, or something in between, such as the Electoral College (which was eventually chosen) and whether term limits should be imposed. The idea of an appointment by Congress, with the option for re-appointment, failed on the fear that a president could make an underhanded deal with Congress to get re-appointed. Cant Serve a 3rd Term Conspiracy theorists have through the years perpetuated the notion that power-hungry presidents try to find ways to win a third election. A few people even point to the wording of the 22nd Amendment, noting that it says no person shall be eligible to be elected to the office more than twice. Would this disqualify a former president from being elected vice president, then serving as president if the president died or resigned? Its unlikely any former president would run for the lower office of vice president to test the theory. Over the years, several lawmakers have proposed repealing the 22nd Amendment. Congressional opponents of the 22nd Amendment argue that it restricts voters from exercising their will. As Democratic U.S. Rep. John McCormack of Massachusetts proclaimed during a debate over the proposal: The framers of the Constitution considered the question and did not think they should tie the hands of future generations. I dont think we should. Although Thomas Jefferson favored only two terms, he specifically recognized the fact that situations could arise where a longer tenure would be necessary. One of the most high-profile opponents of the two-term limit for presidents was Republican President Ronald Reagan, who was elected to and served two terms in office. In a 1986 interview with The Washington Post, Reagan lamented the lack of focus on important issues and lame-duck presidents. I have come to the conclusion that the 22nd Amendment was a mistake, Reagan said. Shouldnt the people have the right to vote for someone as many times as they want to vote for him? They send senators up there for 30 or 40 years, congressmen the same. Sources Buckley, F.H. and Metzer, Gillian. â€Å"The 22nd Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.†Ã‚  National Constitution CenterCannon, Lou. â€Å"Short-Sighted Amendment.†Ã‚  The Washington Post, WP Company, 16 June 1986

Aafia Siddiqui - Terrorist - Future Recommendations Research Paper

Aafia Siddiqui - Terrorist - Future Recommendations - Research Paper Example In this case, the best rehabilitation method for Aafia Siddiqui is a rehabilitation program that is aimed at reducing the Jihadist or anti-Western rhetoric. From research, it is evident that there is one such successful program that has been implemented in Saudi Arabia, just outside the capital, Riyadh. In this program, it is evident that that the inmates are treated as civilians, counseled, and given the chance to reform and become better citizens. From research, the program in Saudi Arabia has proven to be a huge success in terms of rehabilitating terrorists. An analysis of the terrorist rehabilitation program developed in Saudi Arabia indicates that it is the perfect location and place to rehabilitate Aafia Siddiqui from her terrorist tendencies. For example, Gunaratna, Jerard and Rubin (2011) mention that it is important to involve the Muslim community in any terrorist rehabilitation that involves Jihadists. From the facts surrounding Aafia Siddiqui’s life, it is evident that she is a Jihadist who has some sort of grudge against the West. One of the first steps mentioned by Gunaratna, Jerard and Rubin (2011) in the fight against terrorism is counter-radicalization. Counter-radicalization is a process in which a terrorist or people with Jihadist ideologies are taught and convinced that they are radicalized for the wrong reasons. This is best achieved if the terrorist is already in a rehabilitation center that specializes in this kind of treatment. The best way to win Jihadist anti-terror wars is by countering extreme ideology in the Muslim community, and if the same terrorists who propagate the ideology are the ones spreading the information, then the war against terrorism is reduced. Aafia Siddiqui is thought to have connections with high-ranking members of the Al Qaeda, and if she is convinced that she is radicalized for the wrong reasons, then it is possible for her to

Challenges of International Students in the US Coursework

Challenges of International Students in the US - Coursework Example American colleges and universities place emphasis on learning through the completion of assignments and projects, enforcing future professionals to build the bridge between the academic and practical world while yet at the classroom desk. For many, such approach is difficult to adapt to. Educational systems in their countries are more oriented towards the traditional theoretical knowledge accumulation. Some also struggle with the plentiful essays and research papers, as well as with the norms of citing and referencing. Finally, international students coming to the US inevitably experience the phenomenon known as a 'culture shock'. The feeling of unfamiliarity with many situations and uncertainty about how to react to them result in a state of anxiety and disorientation. The experience is not limited to students, though: many of those who traveled abroad in search of work, education, or better living found themselves in similar circumstances. The symptoms of culture shock may range fr om moderate irritation to deep-rooted psychological crisis or even panic (Deresky & Christopher, 2012). In conclusion, international students coming to the US in order to acquire knowledge should be prepared for a long adaptation process. Foreign language, demanding educational system, and culture shock are the main environment-associated inhibitors of one’s academic progress. It depends both on the student and his mentor whether or not he will be able to level the impact of these inconveniences.

Should women be able to drive in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Should women be able to drive in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example ltra conservative mullahs, the kingdom simply does not issue driving licenses to women, thereby leaving them practically helpless when it comes to the freedom of being mobile. The larger belief that supports this blanket ban on women in Saudi Arabia ensues from the traditional Islamic and tribal customs, as per which, allowing women the simple and plain freedom of driving will not only upset the strict segregation of sexes in Saudi Arabia, but will also expose the Saudi women to more dangerous situations that will dilute the honor of their male guardians and the male hierarchy in the Saudi society, giving way to utter chaos and social confusion. Hence, most of the Saudi women are they the traditional homemakers, or the more ambitious and outgoing career women, many of them having received education in the West are to contend with the feasible alternative of being driven around the town by a male driver. Many a times, many progressive Saudi women have tried to protest against this ban on female driving, only to be arrested and handed back to their male guardians. The situation for women gets even more stifling considering the fact that many other Gulf nations like United Arab Emirates and Kuwait do allow the women to drive. Many progressive Saudi women do hope that the winds of change will eventually sweep Saudi Arabia also. Yet, the bad thing is that irrespective of the multiple changes going on in the Gulf in general and the rest of the world in particular, Saudi Arabia has stood steadfastly to its stance of not allowing the women to drive. In a larger context, this ban on women driving prevailing in Saudi Arabia needs to be understood in the light of the traditional Saudi religious and tribal beliefs and the associated fears and apprehensions. It is not that forbidding women to drive in Saudi Arabia is a constraint that is apart from the traditional Saudi values and norms. Yet, the irony is that these very traditional Saudi norms and customs are totally

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus In order to ensure that the outcome of the pregnancy is the best for mother and baby, a routine is undertaken which is embraced by the term Ante Natal care. Ante natal care is simply caring for the mothers before labour and delivery and also preparing the mothers fully for delivery because of safe motherhood. This can only be achieved by if mother is seen early preferably before the 10th week and at regular intervals thereafter. In this essay, I will be discussing one of the factors which are (GDM) gestational diabetes mellitus which affects the normal physiological pregnancy state. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate in tolerance resulting in hyperglycaemia of variable severity with its onset and first recognition during pregnancy. Insulin is an essential hormone required for glucose transfer into the muscle and adipose tissue cells. For women with diabetes mellitus, pregnancy can present some particular changes for both mother and the child. If the woman who is pregnant has diabetes, it can cause early and very large babies (Macrosomia). Management of pregnant mothers with diabetes needs very firm and accurate control even in advance of having pregnancy. There are question whether the condition is natural during pregnancy or not. Gestational diabetes is caused when the insulin receptors do not function properly, due to pregnancy related factors such as the presence of human placental lactogen that interfere with susceptive insulin receptors. Gestational diabetes affects 3-10% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied, so may be a natural occurrence (Littleton, 2005,). During a normal pregnancy, many physiological changes occur such as increased hormonal secretions that influence blood glucose levels, such as glucose – drain to the fetus, slowed emptying of the stomach, increased excretion of glucose by the kidneys and resistance of cells to insulin. Moving further, I as the ante-natal clinic nurse will first try to collect as much information as I can from the patient. During her 12th week of gestation, Mrs. B came for her ante natal case booking. She was already 3 months and this was her initial visit to the ante natal clinic. I booked Mrs. B by obtaining subjective data from her. I as the nurse, firstly I offered her seat so that she can sit in level with me. After that I took her personal history after greeting the client. She was feeling ease and welcomed. I communicated with her in English because she was able to understand and I also kept in mind that level of education might be low so I used simple interpretations of facts. Her first impression was very good because she was a Primip-gravida and she looked happy and relaxed. Her physical characteristics were good, because (posture) she was sitting comfortably and even she was working normally without any problem (gait). She looked health during her first visit to the clini c. After this observation during interview, I had taken her full personal history. Her full name is Mrs. B. She was born on 15th of April, 1989 at Labasa Hospital. Her age now is 24 years. Just because she is Fijian, I did not ask for her father’s name, nevertheless, she is married to a Fijian, 25 year old businessman. She is a primary school teacher. Her husband’s name is Mr. C and they reside in Namara, Labasa and both of them are Methodist. Both have attended tertiary institutions and are well educated. She gave her husband’s name and phone number for emergency purpose. Secondly, I obtained Mrs. B family history. Not much information was given by Mrs. B because her parent and grandparents were of Fijian origin and they lived in village. Her mother had diabetes only. Thirdly, I took the medical history of Mrs. B, according to her she is not having any medical problems and she was never admitted before for any illness. Mrs. B is only allergic to penicillin anti biotic. In her social history, it is interesting to know that this would be their first child in the family, so no case of negligence or overcrowding in the home. They both, husband and wife earn enough for their upcoming family. She is not a teenager and has a good age for first child bearing. She is physically, psychologically and financially strong to mother a child. They live in a concrete and iron roofing house and they reside in an industrial area. They both neither smoke nor consume alcohol or drugs. She did not have a surgical history. She did not have any abdominal, pelvic, cardiac surgeries or either injuries. I did not ask anything about her previous obstetric history because this was her first pregnancy. As a nurse, I asked her about any abortionsmiscarriage but Mrs. B said no because they used family planning devices before so she did not had any abortions and miscarriage. There was no gynaecological history for Mrs. B. Her menstrual history, she has menses which last f or 3 days- 4 days. She was fourteen years when she had had her first menses (menarche). Just because Mrs. B was 12 weeks pregnant, I did not ask her about on set of movement but calculated her expected date of delivery (EDD). Her last menses occurred on 17th of February until 20th of February. It is a four days regular flow according to Mrs. B. So her expected date of delivery would be seventeen plus seven and add 9 months from indicated date, so that will be on 24th day of November. After this assessment, I did the physical examination of Mrs. B. Firstly, I took Mrs. B height and it was 168cm, her weight was 62.5kg and to notice difference in her weight, it had to be taken on every visit. Mrs. B urine test was done for protein and glucose, mid stream specimen was taken and this was done in all the visits to get the results from laboratory. Her blood pressure was taken. Blood test was also done for emergencies and surgical procedures. As a nurse, we also checked for edema. This may not be seen during initial visit but as pregnancy progress it can be noticed. All this assessments and examinations were done by two nurses since I had to have a female nurse since I was interviewing a female client and received a lot of information about Mrs. B and her health. This also built a foundation of a trusting relationship. In addition to this, a goal of antenatal care is equally important because this acts as guidance in caring for the antenatal case holistically. Firstly, the aim that is to monitor the progress of pregnancy in order to support the maternal health and normal fetal development and to ensure that the mother reaches the end of pregnancy in a healthy state and delivers a healthy baby. Nurses and midwives are the best people to detect the problem early, diagnose it and treat the problem before progression of labour and delivery. More of our aims include identification of women at risk. As a nurse you must educate clients at high risk pregnancy on their medications, follow-up, nutrition and exercise, so that they can get a positive result. To assess levels of health by taking a detailed history and to after appropriate screening test. Ask to identify risk factors by talking accurate details of past and present obstetric, medical, family and personal history. Another aim is to provide a good opportunity for the women and her family to express and discuss any concerns they might have about the current pregnancy and previous pregnancy loss, labour, birth or pueperium.. Lastly, the most vital is the delivery of the healthy term infant without signs of distress or any abnormality. Furthermore, the nurse’s role independently in managing for the gestational diabetes mellitus women are broad and as follows. A nurse must carry out a proper procedure when dealing with a GDM mother so that she and the infant’s risk of complications are reduced. Firstly, a nurse must obtain baseline data from the patient. Secondly, I carried my nursing assessment on Mrs. B, I took her vital signs. This was very much important because an increase in blood pressure and weight may be a sign of PIH, which is a frequent complication associated with diabetes. After that I asked Mrs. B about her gestational age because it assists in managing pregnancy and planning timing and method of delivery. Apart from this ultrasound examination was also carried out on Mrs. B for abnormalities, confirm age of gestation, and monitor the size and weight of fetus. Uterine size, fetal activity, fetal heart rate evaluate and reflect fetus status and well. Other intervention which I carried out independently was to monitor blood sugar level frequently, as this was checked more often than usual according to the doctor. Also I made sure that each time when checking the blood sugar level a proper record of the result and presented to the health care team for evaluation and modification of the treatment. Many may need extra insulin during pregnancy to reach their blood sugar targets since insulin is not harmful to the baby. During her one of the clinic, Mrs. B was examined routinely and was found that there was glucose in the urine and the blood system level was above targets. I gave insulin therapy to control the sugar further. Also I advised on the meals, to cut down sweets, eat three small meals and one to three snacks a day, maintain proper meal times and include balanced fibre intake in the form of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Mrs. B attended her clinic when she was 24 weeks, after examining Mrs. B, her blood glucose level was not in control as a result. So we had to admit Mrs B to the ante natal ward for insulin therapy. The aim here was to stabilize the blood glucose level. Mrs. B was admitted. I explained her about the ward, orientated about the ward protocols, meal hours and the special diet which she will have. The first 2 to 3 days, 4 point was done to find out if patient should be adequately controlled on diet, if not then insulin was recommended. Mrs. B was supposed to have 4 points procedure, so I kept her on nil by mouth post midnight. Blood specimen one was collected at 7am, then patient to have breakfast. Specimen 2 was taken at 9.30am. Specimen 3 was taken at 1.30pm and 4th one was taken at 6.30pm. Moreover, the health care team as a whole had collaborative role towards care of the pregnant mother who was reaching 26 week gestation. Effective ante natal care for women with diabetes mellitus should be provided by a multidisciplinary team in a joint diabetes and antenatal clinic (Fraser, 2009). The woman is seen often as required in order to maintain good glycaemia control. Treatment depends on the blood glucose levels. The midwife should involve both the diabetic nurse or (midwife) specialist and dietician in dietary interventions. Mrs. B was advised by the dietician about nutrition; ideally diabetic women who anticipate pregnancy will follow a prescribed well balanced dietary regimen before conception and will be in a state of good metabolic control. The dietician advised Mrs. B on the caloric requirement for the normal weight client is 35 calories per kilogram. Doctors advised Mrs. B on insulin treatment. Physiotherapist advised Mrs. B on importance of moderate exercise during pregnancy example walking, swimming because it helps lower blood glucose level this decrease need for insulin. Also Mrs. B was advised by the doctor on other medical management such as oral metformin medications. Nurses should also monitor blood glucose on a regular basis throughout pregnancy. So counselling before pregnancy (for example about preventive folic acid) and multi disciplinary management are important for good pregnancy outcome. Moreover, highlighting the reasons for the interventions carried out gives an idea that why this particular nursing intervention on Mrs. B who was diagnosed as gestational diabetes. Firstly as a nurse, I identified Mrs. B at GDM risk. It was better that her problem was identified earlier or else if she would not have been attending her clinics there would have been increased risk for hyperglycaemia, infection, pregnancy induced hypertension and also hydramnios. Since Mrs. B was diabetic, the infant would have been at high risk of macrosomia and also congenital abnormalities. All this would have lead to difficulties in vaginal deliveries. Secondly, baseline vital signs, height, weight should be monitored in every subsequent visits. Blood pressure was taken when I asked Mrs. B to lie in a left lateral position so that an accurate reading was achieved. Mrs. B was also monitored by (sonography) ultrasound examining subsequently during her visits for fetal abnormalities, confirmation of g estational age and also to monitor size and weight of fetus. Activity (kicking) fetal movement was also maintained by nurses to find that fetus remains active. Collaboratively, urinalysis, culture and sensitivity were done to detect asyptomatic bacteriuria, a precursor to event pyelonephritis, to which the diabetes is especially prone. Midwives also performed a fundal examination, initially and subsequently atleast once a trimester for Mrs. B to detect any vascular changes accompanying diabetes. Mrs. B was also advised by the dietician on nutrition and hydration to maintain blood glucose targets to normal. Client knowledge about self monitoring by the midwives allows the development of an appropriate teaching plan to ensure compliance and minimize risk of complications. Mrs. B was also educated on support system and services because of the high risk of the pregnancy so that necessary support system and assistance can be obtained. Psychosocial and economic factors with special consid eration to the parental stress evoked by the high risk pregnancy was explained to her so that she does not take too much stress which can lead to high risk pregnancy, research has shown that gestational diabetes experience more stressful responses than pre gestational diabetics for all aspects of the medical regimen (Perry, (2006). 4 points procedure was done on her following the glucose tolerance test for the proceeding of insulin therapy. After insulin therapy Mrs. B was discharged and called for her clinic subsequently to detect whether blood glucose was maintained or not. During her visits, the midwives performed abdominal examination, vaginal examination and fundal palpation to establish and affirm that fetal growth is consistent with gestational age during progression of pregnancy. This was done to detect fetal growth, fetal lie, fetal presentation etc. When Mrs. B was 35 weeks, during her clinic it was found that the blood glucose level was maintained, there was no glucose in urine and no other signs as before due to gestational diabetes two which was medically controlled. To sum up, later on during her 37 weeks of gestation Mrs. B was having labour pain and she was rushed to hospital with all her belongings needed together with the babies’ clothes and other things. She was admitted direct to the labour ward in the preparation room. fetal heart rate monitoring and vaginal examination was done. She was 3-4cm dilated and was taken to first stage room for further assessment on partogram and vaginal examination. The following morning she gave birth to a healthy term infant without signs of distress and or hypoglycaemia. Therefore, our strength was that we collaboratively, the health care team identified the patient at risk on an early stage that is why there was no complication during or after delivery. And our weakness lies if all the health care team do not identify high risk of pregnancy at an early stage therefore, early booking is equally very important. (Approx words:2500) References Brown, D., Edward, H. (2005). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment Management of Clinical Problem. Australia: Elsevier. Crisp, J., Taylor, C. (2013). Potter Perry’s Fundamentals of nursing (4th ed.). Australia: Elsevier. Fraser, D, M., Cooper, M, A. (2009). Myles Textbook for Midwives (15th ed.). Australia: Elsevier. Perry, L. (2006). Maternity Nursing (7th ed.). Australia: Elsevier. Mc Kinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Ashwill, J. (2005). Maternity Child Nursing (2nd ed.). Australia: Elsevier. Littleton, L, Y., Engebretson, A. (2005). Maternity Nursing Care. USA: Elsevier. 1

The American Civil War was Avoidable Essay -- American History

The American Civil War was Avoidable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The explosion of the American Civil War was caused by a vast number of conflicting principles and prejudices, fueled by sectional differences, and set afire by a very unfortunate set of political events. Undoubtedly, the central theme of almost all of the events that led up to the Civil War was one way or another, related to the dispute of slavery. Throughout the nineteenth century, slavery-related tensions brewed to such an extent, that politicians often took accustom to avoiding the hot topic altogether, because they were too scared of either starting a big political feud, or losing votes from one side of the issue or the other. More specifically, three events that were most instrumental in bringing about the Civil War were the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and the Presidential election of 1860. Because of such strong reactions to these events, the Civil War was practically unstoppable, however if the parties wanted to avoid a war altogether, they could have advoc ated more compromise and popular sovereignty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As previously mentioned, slavery was at the root of most tensions that arose between the North and the South, and the annexation of new land created much conflict concerning the status of slavery. Missouri Compromise dictated that the lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36 ¢Ã‚ ª30 ¡Ã‚ ¯ parallel were to be free of slavery. Democratic senator Douglas, introduced a bill in early 1854 which proposed the division of the Nebraska Territory into two units, Kansas and Nebraska, and the application of his idea of  ¡Ã‚ °popular sovereignty ¡Ã‚ ± which would allow the territorial vote to decide the area ¡Ã‚ ¯s status concerning slavery. This proposal would, in effect, repeal the Missouri Compromise, which greatly angered abolitionists and Northerners. Douglas and Southern supporters won a congressional debate and shortly after, the bill was signed. With the passage of this bill, many conflicts arose. Much personal turmoil erupted in the territories with a lmost immediate tragic results in  ¡Ã‚ °Bleeding Kansas. ¡Ã‚ ± Also, the bill resulted in a complete realignment of the major political parties: The Democrats lost influence in the North and were to become the regional proslavery party of the South, the Whig Party, which had opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, died in the South and was weakened in the North, and a new Republican Party ... ...ecause of so many sectional differences, each region of America had its own intended President, creating a situation in which the losers of the election would already be organized for revolt. However, given that the parties were what they were, President Lincoln could have proposed a quick but strong compromise, right after he won the election, which would keep the Southerners and other non-supporters satisfied with the new political situation. Unfortunately, slavery-issues had been brewing for far too long for this situation to have an easy way out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Civil War was caused by an explosion of conflictions, provoked by regional and sectional differences and an unfortunate sequence of political events. As explained earlier, the central theme of almost all of the events that brought about the Civil War was related to slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott Case, and the Election of 1860 were three events that played very instrumental roles in causing the Civil War, however each could have been handled differently by the parties involved. The approaches of the parties could have been more subtle, using compromises to settle disputes, in order to avoid a war.

Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Guided Focused Ultrasound (FUS) Treatment for Breast Cancer

Magnetic resonance imaging guided focused ultrasound is completely noninvasive treatment for breast cancer which requires less anesthesia, recovery time and could avoid infections, scar formation and possibly reduce cost. It is the method of choice for accurate delimitation of many breast tumors, it can noninvasively measure ultrasound induced temperature. The combination of MRI and FUS concurrently allow the delineation of tumors margins (American cancer society). The MRI guided FUS system consist of a supply of unit for radio frequency conditioning, driving hydraulics, the cooling and fluidic system, MR- compatible ,ultrasound applicator, comprising a therapeutic ultra sound transducer with a hydraulically driven positioning system and coil for MRI within the MR- scanner and computer for therapy planning , MRI –based temperature monitoring and MRI. The MRI guided FUS objective is to compute an optimize beam pattern that covers the targeted area in such a way that the multiple focal ultrasound volumes are packed till the whole target volume are treated (American cancer society).Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s According to American cancer journal 1931-1940, during the MRI planning and FUS therapy, the breast is placed on the transparent window surrounded by the MRI coil. To optimize the ultrasound beam angle, the sonication window is adjusted around the vertical axis through the center of the breast. Acoustic coupling is mediated by ultrasound jelly and water. The ultrasound wave are focused through the intact skin and resulted in the localized tissue ablation at a maximum temperature of 70 degree centigrade (www. cancer . org). Thus, nurses should teach the patient that MRI guided FUS therapy is safe and effective, with no side effect. It reduces the chance of anesthesia usage, infection, scar formation, recovery time and it is also very cheap. Effective teaching about the therapy will reduce agitation, depression, fear and signs and symptoms. As nurses we should also emotionally support these patients, this will give them more hope and strength to fight this ill disease. References : Noninvasive of Breast Cancer Therapy, the journal of Cancer Research (1916-30), the American journal of cancer (1931-40). Retrieve from http://www. cancer . org American Cancer Society, Retrieve from http://www. cancer . org

Yellow Card

Yellow Card Yellow Card Yellow Card By Maeve Maddox In response to the rope-a-dope post, I received a clever email response couched in other sports analogies. I understood all but one: â€Å"yellow card.† Naturally, I hopped on the search engine to find out what sport that referred to. I discovered that in the sport of soccer, colored cards are held up by the referee when a player commits a foul. The color of the card indicates the nature of the penalty appropriate to the type of foul that has been committed. One of the cards is yellow. A soccer player who receives a red card or a black card is sent off the field. A player who is shown a yellow card continues to play, but has been cautioned that he’d better pay attention to his behavior. Now I understand a blog headline that previously left me puzzled: LIFE JUST HANDED ME A YELLOW CARD The blogger had survived a heart attack. The symbolism of soccer’s colored penalty cards has spread to other endeavors: London police are handing out soccer-style yellow cards to aggressive drinkers, banning them for 48 hours from their preferred drinking spots. In New York City, a comedian dressed like a soccer referee has been handing out red cards to pedestrians guilty of such transgressions as wearing the wrong shoes or taking selfies in inappropriate places. A female journalist has started a â€Å"red/yellow card project† to address harassment issues. She has designed cards that professional women can hand out to men who treat them inappropriately at conventions or in the workplace. The red card informs the recipient that he has done something â€Å"wildly inappropriate† and he’s lucky he got a card â€Å"and not a punch in the face.† The language on the yellow card is less confrontational: If you have received this card, you have done something mildly inappropriate to the person who handed this to you. Your intentions might have been good, but before future engagement make sure that you are being respectful and mindful of people’s boundaries. To a reader who understands the reference, to be told that someone was â€Å"shown the yellow card† is illuminating. For the reader who doesn’t know the expression, or the reader who is familiar with it in a different context, it’s another sports analogy that could be more confusing than enlightening. Other contexts in which â€Å"yellow card† is or has been used: Yellowcard, an American alternative rock band. Yellow Card Scheme, a UK initiative concerning reactions to medicines. Carte Jaune (Yellow Card), a vaccination certificate issued by the World Health Organization. Yellow Card, nickname for the IBM System/370 Reference Summary booklet in the 1970s. Correction and Clarification Update: As the comments below point out, black cards are not used in soccer. (The card descriptions in this post are based on the rules for Gaelic football.) The most pertinent information to take away is that when the term â€Å"yellow card† is used figuratively, it signifies a warning. On a secondary level, this post can serve to illustrate the fact that for some readers, sports analogies can be a source of confusion. The post can also serve as â€Å"a yellow card† to writers to take great care when researching a topic they know absolutely nothing about. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1Yay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations30 Words for Small Amounts

1993 Ap Us History Dbq Essay Example

1993 Ap Us History Dbq Essay Example 1993 Ap Us History Dbq Essay 1993 Ap Us History Dbq Essay Essay Topic: Us History During the 17th century there were many colonies settled in the New World. One thing most of these colonies had in common is the fact that almost all of them were settled by the English. If one were to focus mostly on the New England and Chesapeake colonies, one would find that although they were settled by similar people, they ended up splitting for very different reasons. The New England colonies were searching for religious freedom from the Church of England, whereas the Chesapeake colonies were striving for economic growth. The New England colonies consisted of the settlements of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Connecticut Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and Province of New Hampshire. Most, if not all, of these colonies were mainly settled by religious motivation. They did not want to be told by what means they could or could not worship, that was the reason they left England in the first place. Now in this new world they were being given the same rules. They wanted to control their cities by the rules of God that they believed. They wanted to elect their own faithful minister to make the laws and divide up their real estate (Doc D). They also wanted to follow John Winthrop’s idea of a model puritan city, the â€Å"City on a Hill† (Doc A). The first name on a list of emigrants coming to the New England was Joseph Hull of Somerset, he was a Minister. His name was the very first name on the list, therefore his name was the most prominent name on the list, and he was a minister (Doc B). This shows that the New England colonist truly respected members of the clergy. The Chesapeake colonies were settled for very different reasons. They were mainly settled for economic development and prosperity. In many of the Chesapeake colonies, such as Connecticut, the prices and wages were set and agreed upon by the court. They did not have any religious figures decided laws or actions to carry them out. Many of the tradesmen, as well as the laborers, in Connecticut were told to â€Å"consider the religious ends of their calling† and to â€Å"[not] live in the practice of that crying sin of oppression, but avoid it† (Doc E). This means that they were told to end their religious practices but to also avoid the life of sin. By doing this, they made room for more work which would in turn help the settlement prosper economically. There were also many plantations in the Chesapeake colonies. These plantations grew tobacco which inclined many workers to uphold the demand. This helped to draw in many English workers, as well as African Slaves, which ended up helping the economic growth of the colony overall. Lastly, both settlements were colonized by two different types of people, with extremely different motives. The Chesapeake colonies, such as Virginia and Maryland, were colonized by single men looking for the potential development of economic growth, and the ability to make a profit. Whereas the New England Colonies, such as Rhode Island, were colonized by family men looking for a place where their family could be free from religious oppression. Virginia was colonized by John Smith, a single man who saw the opportunity to make some money and did everything in his power to keep the colony alive in order to do so. Maryland was colonized by Lord Baltimore, another single man who granted real estate to his friends which paved the way for economic growth. Although the New England colonies and the Chesapeake colonies were both settled by Englishmen, they split for very different, but equally legitimate reasons. The New England colonies were searching for religious freedom from the Church of England, whereas the Chesapeake colonies were striving for economic growth.

Management Fundamental Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Fundamental - Case Study Example This organisation is facing considerable pressure meet a deadline for a military clothing contract, or suffer severe financial penalties. Should production stop at any time the delay could cost up to AUD$500 per minute. This manufacturer specifically produces outdoor and work wear. Currently, there is significant discontent amongst workers. There are three maintenance fitters who are salaried, and are eligible for overtime payments. Each fitter is responsible for the machinery in 5 production lines. The line of report is direct to the foreperson. Currently this group of fitters is unable to meet maintenance scheduling commitments without working overtime, and repair jobs are taking longer than in previous peak operating periods. A production manager has responsibility for the operations of these lines, and reports directly to the managing director, who is a major shareholder in the company. This production manager is salaried, not entitled to overtime or productivity bonuses, although a company car is included in this individual's remuneration package. Ostracism of workers from lunchrooms and tea breaks, and vandalism to personal property, including motor vehicles in the employee car park. This is currently limited to the shop floor personnel and is not apparent at management levels. The production manager however, has exhibited a higher than usual requirement for sick leave and often arrives up to 45 minutes late each day and takes extended lunch breaks before departing exactly on time at the close of business. You have also been asked to advice on the treatment that should be issued to this person. Suggestions and solutions Taking these concerns into cvonsiderrat9ion a site visit was conducted. These solutions or means to a solution were formulated, Significant equity comparisons being made between workers regarding rates of pay on the same production lines. It is suggested that due to this piece rate system that is in use in the factory. There are obvious concerns by management regarding the productivity of parts of the production line. Problems appear around speed and feed issues in the lines. Under equity arrangements, within the enterprise bargaining agreement, all workers are paid at the same piece rate.It also needs to be taken into consideration that sewing buttons and zippers on to clothes is time consuming. Seaming, looping and cuffing are very quick processes. A seamer, looper, or cuffer may perform at a rate of 3 units to 1 in comparison to the button and zipper hands.Factors of a toxic culture should be identified and addressed. These factors include demographic and social factors. Rapid urbanization, chaotic modernization and economic restructuring should also be taken into consideration especially in this situation. .A of speed and feed options should be considered to expedite the manufacture of garments. It will be necessary to identify the

Does the implimentation of the national health insurance program in Research Proposal

Does the implimentation of the national health insurance program in Ghana help reduce HIV AIDS which is prevlant in rural Ghana - Research Proposal Example The government marginalizes sex workers as not of interest, therefore the disease is not given the due consideration in the newly democratized stated (Howley, 2010, p. 367). The prevention of HIV/AIDS through behavior modification has been a primary resource for addressing the disease (Howley 2010, p. 186). According to the International Monetary Fund (2006), HIV/AIDS issues are recognized as a threat to the â€Å"socioeconomic development of the country through its potential impact on human capital development, productivity, and social services deliveryâ€Å"(p. 109). In 2006 the following measures were taken in working towards prevention of the disease within the nation of Ghana: The following table shows the number of people who were benefiting from ART as of December of 2006. At that time, there were 50,942 people in need of services with only 7,338 benefiting from art which represents only 14.4% of those in need(International Monetary Fund, 2006, p. 109). Ghana has seen a decline in poverty from 39.5% in the 1998 to 1999 years to 28.5% in 2006 (African Development Bank., & OECD, 2008). In addition, there has been a concerted effort on the part pf the government to address the needs of their citizens in regard to health care. According to former President of Ghana, Jerry John Rawlings, Ghana suffers from a poor system of health care that is lead by a staff of insensitive and unprofessional medical personal and complicated by poor infrastructure and a lack of equipment. The staffs of hospitals are burdened by a lack of everything, thus leaving them jaded and without motivation (Modernghana.com 2010). In addition, the National Health Insurance Scheme that has been put into place is beleaguered by problems and is not providing the much needed services that the people need in order to have adequate health care. The National Health Insurance Scheme is the product of the administration led by John Kufuor. However, one of the exceptions to

Criminal Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Procedure - Essay Example ith Justice Antonin Scalia, each and every constitutional law should be interpreted depending on the actual context and should not be subjected with the addition of multiple other associative meanings4;5. On the contrary, the commentators appeared to have criticized Justice Antonin Scalia stating him to be highly concentrative on the understandable meaning of the constitutional laws6. The commentators elaborated the necessity of the textualist towards understanding of the situation depending on which he /she should be interpreting the constitution laws. In accordance with the second commentator, textualisation of a constitutional law can either be projected as a narrowed down aspects or a broadened principle. Thus, the second comment implies the alignment of the commentator with the statements made by the first commentator7. The second commentator left a vagueness within the understanding of the situation as per which the narrowing or the broadening of the contextual textualisation should take place. Irrespective of all these, the third commenter presented his views upon the two types of textualists i.e. ‘semantic-originalists’ and ‘expectation-originalists’ that take specific consideration of the law writer’s intention in terms of imparting a specific meaning of the constitution that appears to be misaligned with the facts mentioned by Justice Antonin Scalia8. Justice Antonin Scalia also proved the fourth comment regarding the attainment of associated meaning from the constitutional interpretation as vague by stating that the legislation only possesses the authority of structuring the rules and it should remain confined to a specific meaning9. The alternative mentioned by Justice Antonin Scalia in terms of interpreting the constitutional laws can be considered as effective in recommending appropriate legal texts. The facts mentioned within the book has also been observed to be laying significant amount of focus on the development and introduction of a

Malala Yousafzai Essay Example for Free

Malala Yousafzai Essay The horrific moment a Taliban gunman boarded a packed school bus and shot a teenage education activist twice at point blank range has been relived by her devastated friend. Malala Yousafzai, 14, was critically injured after being shot while travelling home from school earlier this week. The brave teenager was targeted by the Taliban after speaking out against atrocities committed under the regime. According to Malalas friend Shazia, speaking to the Christian Science Monitor, a group of militants riding on a bike stopped the bus carrying the schoolgirls. Masked men then boarded the vehicle and pointed guns at the girls, asking for Malala. A hooded Taliban militant shouted: Which one of you is Malala? Speak up, otherwise I will shoot you all. She is propagating against the soldiers of Allah, the Taliban. She must be punished. Almost as soon as he shouted this, the militant recognised the youngster and shot her at point blank range. The shooting has horrified people in Pakistan and internationally, and has been followed by an outpouring of respect for a girl who earned the enmity of the Taliban for publicising their acts and speaking about the importance of girls education. The Taliban has claimed responsibility for the shooting, saying that the girl was promoting Western thinking. Malala was shot twice at close range and is currently unconscious in hospital in a critical condition. Speaking to CBS News, a close friend of the family said doctors had given relatives a ray of hope . The woman said MRI scans showed that a bullet which had entered the skull did not cause significant damage to her brain. A number of people have been arrested by police in Pakistan in connection with the shooting. A Taliban spokesman said the top leadership of the Talibans Swat Valley chapter decided two months ago to kill Yousufzai in a carefully-planned attack after her family ignored repeated warnings.

Why Did The Soviet Union Collapse?

Why Did The Soviet Union Collapse? More than two decades have passed since the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics disappeared from the world political stage. Starting with 1985, the internal situation of the Soviet Union, as well as its international status, began to experience breathtakingly fast and radical change, which eventually led to its collapse in 1991, event probably commemorated today only by Vladimir Putin, who describes it as the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century (annual state-of-the-nation address to Parliament,  Moscow, April the 29th, 2005, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty). The are many controversial debates about the actual reasons that caused the collapse of the vast Soviet Empire, but one thing is certain: they cannot be reduced to one single factor, as for an historical event of such calibre to happen, it took the interaction of many factors, producing a set of circumstances that made the change urgent and inevitable. In the following essay, I shall present and argue the main fact ors that contributed to and can be described as reasons for the end of the Soviet Union. To begin with, we are talking about a disintegration process with different origins and extremely intense dynamics. The systemic involution had actually begun in February 1956, when Nikita Khrushchev struck the deadly blow against the myth of Stalins inerrability (February 25, 1956: Khrushchevs Secret Speech, denouncing Stalins abuses). It was followed by other disillusions, which would undermine the myths of the irreversibility and invincibility of the communist order. The economic problems of the USSR were asking for desperate measures, the society was becoming more and more corrupt, harsh, and inefficient, the sole existence of the USSR as a union was starting to be questioned. After the removal of Khrushchev from power in 1964, Leonid Brezhnev was appointed his successor. The economic crisis that engulfed the Soviet Union and the majority of the socialist states in the 1970s spread to the following decade. The reform surrogates consecutively introduced by the communist leaders failed to optimize the economy and release tension in social relations. The soviet socialism model proved to be completely inadequate, considering that the world was about to enter as Jeremy Rifkin calls it the third industrial revolution. Yuri Andropov (1982-1984) appeared to be trying to put into practice a reform policy, but was confronted by the inflexibility of the superior political structures and resistance from the bureaucratic system installed by Brezhnev. But shortly after the death of Konstantin Cernenko, on March the 11th 1985, in Moscow, a new leader emerged, animated by reforming ideas, under the aegis of Mikhail Gorbachev. The Soviet Union was confronting grave issues at the time Gorbachev took over, and they were all exacerbated by the immense quantum of military expenditures. The new General Secretary was quite cautious at the beginning, apparently proving to be consequent to his predecessors, but he then rapidly proceeded to consolidating his power, replacing, in a few weeks time, much of the governing team, and casting away his main rivals. This was meant to pave the way to Gorbachevs reforms. It started with the Central Committee plenum of the CPSU in April 1985, where Gorbachev brought forward the principles of the policy he intended to put into practice in the Soviet Union, in an attempt to save the communist system by implementing a slow liberalizing process that would lead to the abolition of the systems most heinous features, without destroying its ideological fundaments. That policy bears the name of perestroika, or restructuring. In his vision, the soviet system had deviated from the Leninist theory, and needed a reorganization based on reforming the political and economic systems, and improving the system of social relations, above all economic (Kommunist, no. 5, 1985, as cited in Sakwa, R., 1999, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, London and New York: Routledge, p.424). The main goal of perestroika was to demolish the consequences of the Brezhnev era (famously described as an era of economic stagnation), so Gorbachev decided to adopt a strategy of rapid accel eration (uskorenie) in the rate of growth, confident of the command economys potential to deliver it (Acton, E. and Stableford T., 2007, The Soviet Union: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY, vol. 2: 1939-1991, Exter: University of Exter Press, p. 384). Applying this concept relied entirely on the support of the society, but conscious of the obstacles standing in his way, the soviet leader took a set of measures in order to stop the nomenclature who would have wanted to prevent these reforms from happening. A general view of this vision could be summarized in this extract from Gorbachev, M. S., 1987, PERESTROIKA: New Thinking for Our Country and the World, London: Collins, p. 66: I am pleased that theres a growing understanding, both within the Party and in the society as a whole, that we have started an unprecedented political, economic, social and ideological endeavour. If we are to implement everything we have planned, we must also carry out unprecedented political, economic, social and ideological work in both the internal and external spheres. Above all, we bear an unprecedented responsibility. And we are aware of the need for large-scale and bold efforts, especially at the first stage. In any case, the contradictions and limits of perestroika prevented the political system from being reformed. Therefore, there was a radical difference between what the initiator of the reforms wanted and what the final result was. Another important component of the reforming policy Gorbachev was introduced in 1986, and is called glasnost (openness), which meant gradually abolishing censorship, introducing political transparency and freedom of the media, which was a gate to elucidating the problems that were blocked, or remained unsolved for decades. The freedom a person had to publicly express a point of view which, not many years ago, would have had him deported in gulags (or even sentenced to death, in Stalins time), became an ordinary right thanks to glasnost. Soviet newspapers could criticize the government policy, the CPSU, and even Gorbachev himself. Yet remarkable were the results of perestroika in the external relations. He was convinced that this program could not be fulfilled unless the countrys international relations radically changed. Indeed, the USSR started redrawing its essential external policy. Together with his External Affairs Minister, Eduard Shevardnadze, Gorbachev managed to practically revolutionize the soviet external policy, enjoying great sympathy around the world. He introduced a new political thinking, based on a few components: external policy no longer needed to be reasoned and led through the ideological factor; the conflict between the 2 superpowers, USSR and USA, was non-productive, and military power did not automatically guarantee national security; the soviet state needed to revise its external objectives. Signing an agreement with China on the issue of the oriental borderline, his propositions to limit nuclear and conventional armaments, and drawing off his troops in Afghanistan, made Gorbachev loo k like a man who was promising peace. Furthermore, at the European Council in Strasbourg, he admitted that there is no such thing as an unchangeable social system, and suggested that such transformations could occur in Eastern Europe. This signal was also received in Eastern European states, not only in the West. His declaration was widely interpreted as a green light to the reformers in Eastern Europe, in their efforts to implement a democratic system and a market economy, but especially, it dispelled the fear of the intervention of the Big Brother (the name Hà ©là ¨ne Carrà ¨re dEncausse gives to the Soviet Union) to end the reforms. Another important step in the democratization of the USSR was made in 1989, with the election of a new Soviet Parliament, the Congress of Peoples Deputies. These were not free elections like the ones in the West, taking into consideration that 90% of the candidates were members of the CPSU and other political parties were strictly forbidden. But these elections offered the people the possibility to choose their candidates, and the vote counting had been correctly done. It was definitely the closest thing to democratic elections since 1917. Yet despite the radical reforms adopted in the USSR, no one anticipated the fundamental changes that were about to happen in Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991. Poland was the first country in Eastern Europe where Gorbachevs perestroika and glasnost turned into an anticommunist revolution. The non-violent Polish break-up with a totalitarian regime was made possible by the existence of both governing and opposition elites, who understood the necessity of such a compromise. The final closure of the communist era in postwar Poland was done in December 1990, with the election of Lech Walesa as president. The Polish events in 1988-1989 had a substantial impact on the entire region. Hopes were reborn in Hungary, as in the spring of 1990, elections were held and won by the Democratic Forum, which led to overthrowing the communist power through the will of the people. In Czechoslovakia, the collapse of the communist regime was done by what the historians and public opinion know as The Velvet Revolution. Active opposition became visible since early 1989, when demonstrations were held throughout the country, and just as expected, democratic forces would take over later that year. The regime collapse in East Germany came as a natural consequence of the events rapidly taking place in the soviet bloc. In late October and early November 1989, hundreds of thousands of protesters went out on the streets of East German cities, demanding their rights. On November the 9th, the Berlin Wall, the main symbol of both German separation and the Cold War, was demolished. In Bulgaria, in December 1989, the communist leader T. Jivkov was arrested and the Communist Party changed its name into the Bulgarian Socialist Party, as a symbolic break-up from the Leninist dogmas. In Romania, unlike other countries in the soviet bloc, communism was overthrown through a violent, open fight. The lack of real opposition within the Communist Party made a peaceful transition impossible. The revolution first started in a city in Western Romania, and was first repressed by the secret police. But a second revolutionary wave broke out on December the 20th, which eventually spread out across the country, breaking the psychological barrier. First encountering militia and army resistance, the huge crowds managed to take over, forcing the Ceausescu dictatorial couple to flee. The communist dictator and his wife were captured, an improvised Court charged them with genocide and impairment of national economy, and the two were finally executed on the Christmas Day in 1989. 1990 was the year in which increasing social convulsion started to lead towards questioning perestroika, as an effect of the resurgence of national consciousness in all the Soviet Republics and satellite states, a factor which Gorbachev had not predicted in his plan to redress the Soviet Union. Interethnic confrontations arose in all the Soviet Republics, and national conflicts were threatening the cohesion of the USSR. Lithuania proclaimed its independence in March 1990. It was shortly followed by Estonia, Latvia, Georgia and Armenia. Other Republics proclaimed themselves sovereign: The Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Moldova, Byelorussia, and Ukraine. The laws of the USSR were no longer obeyed, and the leaders of the republics were demanding that the recruits should no longer be incorporated in the Soviet Army. Aware of the danger, Gorbachev proposed, in February 1990, a new treaty that was to establish a confederation, in order to avoid secession. The Congress of Peoples Deputies approved the project for a referendum on keeping the Union. The instauration of a new presidential power weighed significantly in the rapid evolution of the national problem. However, on August the 19th 1991, in Moscow, a group of conservative members of the Politburo who were against the reformation processes, launched what is known today as The August Coup, with the intention of removing Gorbachev from power, but eventually failed. The coup strengthened Boris Yeltsins position as elected President of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) and leader of the democratic forces, and weakened Gorbachevs position. Finally, Gorbachevs desperate endeavors to transform the Soviet Union into the Union of Sovereign States, to organize new elections, to rescue his power, ended in failure. The Republics proclaimed their independence after August 1991. On December the 8th 1991, near Minsk, the Presidents of RSFSR, Ukraine and Byelorussia signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union and forming the Commonwealth of Independent States. In these given conditions, on December the 25th 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev would resign from the position of president of a state that no longer existed. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist starting with December the 31st 1991, 69 years after its establishment. All in all, my view is that the economic backwardness of the USSR, the failure to effectively implement reforms (reforms which, paradoxically, led to its destruction), the loss of the arms race, and not least, nationalism, formed the main factors that determined the collapse of the Soviet Union. The dismantling of the Empire can be interpreted as an unhappy implosion, deriving from profound internal causes, from the inability of communism to build a viable economy. And the germs of the implosion had laid right in the theses of Gorbachevs brilliant by some, a non-sense by others perestroika, in his political actions, as the leader himself is the one who drove the first nails into the coffin, when he demanded the abrogation of article six of the USSR Constitution, which guaranteed the CPSUs supremacy. Gorbachev tried this way to transfer the political power to the Soviets, angering the elder conservative activists. Also, 1989 was the year that practically switched on the genetic immu ne system of captive nations. The long-dispraised nationalism was the explosive that dashed the Empire of proletarian internationalism to the ground. And yet, the revolution did not fail, considering that we cannot talk about a revolution that is totally triumphant. All the founding myths of that system based on the quasi-religious cult of the single party were shaken, and finally collapsed.