Measurements of physical characteristics Essay Example for Free

Measurements of physical characteristics EssayMeasurements of physical characteristics be used widely in everyday human life, whether in household or industrial processes, in service or in scientific researches. Some of the main categories of regularly measured parameters are weight, length, area, the great unwashed, temperature, tightfistedness, concentration, voltage, amperage and power. Measurement units historically differed from nation to nation, but everywhere time there is a straight tendency for unification of units.Metric system is recognized as universal in ever-growing number of countries and this allows to minimize differences and errors in international scientific, trade and other types of communications. In metric system, meter, its multiples and fractionals are used for the measurements of length, square meter and its derivates are for measurements of area, cubic meter for measurements of volume. For measuring temperature there are Celsius or Fahrenheit deg rees used, for measuring density kilogram per cubic meter. Voltage in international metric system is measured in volts, amperage in amperes, and watts are used for measuring power.To perform measurements one needs to have appropriate instruments. These instruments should have accuracy grade acceptable for the type and purpose of measurements that will be performed. When measurement of length is performed, the only kind of instruments needed is tape-measure or straight scale, if size of measured object is relatively small. If distance that has to be measured is large, and develop between starting and finishing points is not smooth, more sophisticated instruments will be needed to perform required measurements.Measurements of area and volume will well-nightimes require certain calculations in addition to direct measurements. If measurement of an area of regular shape is performed, it is enough to measure length of the sides of that area and then hope relatively simple formulas fo r calculation of that area. besides if the area measured has irregular shape with edges of bizarre form, calculations will be far more complex and whitethorn require solution of integral equations to determine approximate size of an area in question. When it is necessary to measure volume of a liquid, volumetric glassware is enough.But when the volume of a body with complex form shall be calculated, procedure of measurement may become much more complicated. If the body with unknown volume is available for direct measurement, it may be submerged into the water or any other liquid and volume of displaced liquid that is equal to the volume of that body, could be measured. But if that body is not available for direct measurement and is given over in form of a scheme with known parameters measured or class beforehand, then rather complicated calculations may be required to estimate the volume of a said body.Density of a liquid may be measured apply special instrument called densitome ter, which is based on displacement of a certain amount of liquid by the weight of the instrument. The higher density of examined liquid, the smaller will be volume of liquid displaced. For estimation of the density of gases or solid bodies another methods shall be applied, because displacement-based densitometry tushnot be applied to non-liquid substances. Measurements of mass and volume are usually performed, and density then is calculated using the simple formula of mass divided by volume.Temperature can be measured using thermometers of different types liquid-filled, electric, etc. Electric parameters like amperage, voltage and power, could be measured either directly using specific measuring devices, or indirectly by measuring related parameters and later calculating values of parameters required. For a list of physical parameters there are specific units in the system of measurements. Some of the examples were given above. For another example, unit for measuring force is new ton, and unit for pressure is pascal.Certain parameters can be formulated indirectly by dint of other units. Speed, for example, is defined as unit of distance passed per unit of time, and acceleration as rate of change of speed per unit of time. Consequently, force that influences a body, may be calculated through known mass of the body, its beginning speed and rate of change of its speed under the influence of the force studied. Unfortunately, measurements can never provide us with direct values of parameter we are interested in.Due to imperfection of both human perception, instruments for measurements and because of influence of unstable environmental conditions upon the instrument, body that is subjected to measurements and the person performing measurements, some imprecision will always be present. Additionally, when performing measurements, observer sometimes has to use estimated data because more or less precious values can not be obtained under current conditions. Or mayb e high precision values of a given parameter are not grand for the current task. Either way, estimation of measured data sometimes takes place, as well as certain ever-present

How Internet Has Changed People Essay Example for Free

How profits Has Changed People EssayThe Internet has changed a disseminate over the form and a lot of people tangiblely dont talk to each otherwise any much instead they talk any on Facebook or another Internet site. With all the things that you can do most families really dont spend any eon with each other anymore because everyone is doing something on the Internet. Now a twenty-four hourss people can log on the Internet where ever they are. Because the net income decreases face to face interaction, makes it easier to retreat into a cyber-world, and vastly polarizes opinions and minimizes basic etiquette, the internet has done much to divide the global population, rather than connect it. Ab fall out 86 percent of the world population uses the internet on a day-by-day bases. Over the eld Internet has decreased face to face interaction quite a bit. Now days if psyche want to talk to someone they will just video chat with them over the Internet on apple devices, cell p hones, computers, and Xbox.Also when someone wants write someone else they dont get out paper and pen they go on the Internet and email them. Now days it is much easier to retreat into a cyber-world, than it is to retreat in this to in the real world. Social websites like Facebook and twitter have made people a whole lot less social than they were years ago. The average Facebook user creates 90 pieces of content every month Internet has done so much to divide the global population, rather than connect it. Instead of families spend quality time with each other they are all in different rooms on the Internet doing different things. I have noticed over the years that a lot of people have become more depend on the internet that they dont slam what they would do without it. A lot of things for schools are now on the internet like for my math class everything is online and very little on paper.Now days most parents dont see their kids because they are usually in their room on the interne t doing different things like either video chatting, play a game online, or online chat rooms. According to Pewresearch.org A new Pew Internet Project report reveals that 93% of teens ages 1217 go online, as do 93% of young adults ages 1829. Today every teenage has their own TV, computer, and other electronic devices just in their room. A lot of people think that they need their cell phones or their computers and they dont know what to do when it dies when the power is out. They think that it is the end of the world when either their phone dies or their computer dies when they power is out.Peoples are lost without the internet. Devices that have internet access are addicting and people sometimes dont know when to stop. The internet has come a long way since it started and now everything is online from banking to emailing and lots of other things. A lot of education is on the internet more and more each year, for example if you need help and dont know how to do a math problem and you dont want to offer your house you can just search the internet for an online tutor. 107 trillion emails sent in 2010 and many more since then.People are now dating other people over the internet, instead of meeting each other the old fashion way. With online chat rooms you can talk to someone that is in a whole different country and not even know that. Individuals are becoming less independent on families than they were before. According to SocialMediaToday.com writer Tim Patterson, Facebook has 518 trillion users. I think that the internet is making people a whole lot less social than they were before the internet started. My family can be so caught up in what we are doing on the internet that forgets that one another are even home. I think that people should spend less time on the internet and more time with their families. According to InternetWorldStats.com in 2010 the United States Internet Users the top 5 states are California (29.8 million users), Texas (17.2 million users ), New York (16.1 million users), Florida (14.8 million users), and Illinois (10.2 million users).

Food Poisoning Essay Example for Free

Food Poisoning EssayIntroductionEvery year millions of people suffer from viands poisoning due to uncontrolled act of agricultural chemicals, environmental contamination, use of illegal additives , microbiological hazards and others but as a result of increase awareness of consumers and their demands to provide them with safe, whole near and high quality nutriment have force many nourishment premises to carry out a broad assessment and re-organize their musical arrangements of food control in turn to repair efficiency , rationalization of human resources and harmonizing approaches. This assessment of food control system has resulted to shift from the traditional approach which depends mainly on the final product sample distribution and inspection and move forward toward the implementation of a preventative safety and quality approach ground on risk abstract. (FAO, 1998)Risk based approaches has been positive by World health organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Or ganization of the United Nations (FAO) and it is c everyed risk analysis .(WHO,2011)-website Moreover, risk analysis is a combination of one-third interconnected elements which are Risk management, Risk assessment and Risk communication. (FAO/WHO training manual, 2006) Risk assessment is a scientific evaluation of risk associated with hazard all qualitatively or quantitatively .Risk management is the process where the relevant information of risk including risk assessment results are used to make decisions on how they result control the risk and implementing proper options. Finally risk communication which may define as the process by which exchange of information occur surrounded by risk assessors, managers and concerned parties.(http//www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae922e/ae922e04.htm)Government officialsIn order to prepare a food products that is safe for human cons arbitertion and trade within the country or world simple as well as maintain public confidence the organisation offic ials has a major role in this slue, yet it is clear that the government has no role in the production of food and cannot by itself to make safe or unsafe food. However, the government does play two important roles to inhibit the risk of foodborne illness. The first major role is to create food standards and implement it through laws, regulations, inspection, and compliance procedures. These standards range from context of use legislation to prevent food alloy toward defining limits on the levels of pesticides residues as well as levels of pathogenic bacteria, food labelling, preparation and packaging of food. As a consequence, USDAs in recent times employ HACCP system for meat and poultry to load harmful contamination and the risk of food borne illness.The second role is to address food safety problems that are beyond the control of any person participating in the food chain, which require to a greater extent than a regulatory solution the like for exercise E.coli O157H7 pat hogen which originates in the goats rue of cattle and is spread through the environment to contaminate water, fresh produce, and beef during the slaughtering process causing a considerable hazard when present in food. lecture these and many other food safety problems need a strong research base, and to develop an effective control measures not to mention the cooperation between farmers, gillyflower producers, food processors, retailers and consumers. Therefore, government officials play a leading role in promoting basic research and cooperation in such cases to reduce the risk of food borne diseases. (Taylor ump Hoffmann, 2001) In fact, applying risk analysis provides many benefits to all food safety stakeholders including government.In this term it can help food safety regulators to obtain more evidence and information they require to make an effective decision and to identify and apply suitable measures to control the risk in addition to evaluate these measures for example it c an be used to assess the maximum level of pesticide residue in food supplies ,increasing the rate of tests ,provide advice to a certain population subgroup, review labelling requirements, and issue a ban and/or recall for the suspected food product in response. Risk analysis can be applied to support and modify food standards such as regulation (EC) no.1829/2003 on genetically modified foods and feed (EU, 2003) and many others standards. It allows the potential costs of compliance for comparison with the expected benefits, and supports setting priorities among the various problems related to food safety. (FAO 87, 2006)In addition to the above advantages, since in article2 (2) from SPS agreement indicates the need of scientific evidence in establishing sanitary and pytosanitary measures. (SPS) though, applying risk analysis will assist the government to meet their commitments and strengthen the basis for the food trade at the international level by increasing access to bracing mark et. (FAO 87, 2006) Moreover, gaps and uncertainties in scientific knowledge can be identified using risk analysis approach, which will lead to improve food safety and a better understanding of food related impacts on consumer health. (FAO 87, 2006) In general, risk analysis is used mostly for chemical hazards but recently FAO and WHO expand the field to cover microbiological hazards as well. (FAO 76)As a result, microbial risk assessment has been used to assess the risk posed by Listeria in a wide range of food commodities and regulatory involvements to control pathogens. (Federal Register / Vol. 66, No. 39 / Tuesday, February 27, 2001 / Proposed Rules) Thus, through risk analysis the government officials can make out opportunities to reduce risk by using it to establish risk based inspection program, development and application of food standards, collaborate efforts with food processors, and consumer awareness. (Taylor ump Hoffmann, 2001) However, since not all countries have the capabilities and resources to conduct risk assessment ,so they must make use of international data and expertise available besides data that is internationally veritable such as codex standards which accepted as scientifically valid under SPS agreement .(FAO,76)Food processorsOn the other hand, food processors as discussed earlier has the main role to produce safe ,wholesome and high quality food to meet customer demands. While world health organisation (WHO) has briefly indicated that food safety is a shared responsibility from farm to fork, http//www.eufic.org/article/en/artid/processing-food-safety-quality-1/ governments and intergovernmental organisation like Codex Alimentarius commission (CAC) has a major responsibility in creating food standards and so it is important to involve food manufacturers in the process of setting standards at the national and international levels. This participation is beneficial to all stakeholders, and government indeed should assist this exchange of information to help ensure supplying safe products. http//www.fao.org/docrep/v2890t/v2890t05.htmAchieving this requires implementing science based systems derived from risk analysis and associated risk management approaches like HACCP for industry. (Hobbs, 2007) However, to carry out a HACCP plan, hazard analysis is required, as it considers as the first of the seven HACCP principles, it is used to assess the probable hazards that could occur through food processing, gathering data regarding those hazards and their severity to the consumer besides the possibility of their occurrence.Once established a hazard analysis using risk analysis, it must be considered throughout the HACCP plan development. (Peter warring book, food quality assurance book) In addition to the above, there are a number of authors who have suggested the use of risk based systems in HACCP plan (Baird-Parker, 1994, 1995Buchanan, 1995 Notermans and Jouve, 1995 Elliott,1996 Notermans and Mead, 1996). Thus demand s to include some aspects of risk into HACCP system are increasing. (T.Mayeres,97) Burden or benefits)(Mayers, 1997) on the other hand stated that the HACCP system is functioning effectively without the need of risk assessment approach, bearing on mind that HACCP has been internationally considered as an effective way to control food borne hazards. However, some elements of risk analysis can be useful in HACCP by increasing the scientific basis of hazard analysis, can help in naming of critical limits, as well as increasing transparency in decision making.( (T.Mayeres,97) Burden or benefits)Part B/iOwing to the increasing demands of the global market for sea food products, exposure to food borne illness may increase as a consequence. (Book of Iso and HACCP) For instance,

Geoffrey Keynes Research on Cancer Treatment

Geoffrey Keynes Research on Cancer TreatmentIn God We Trust. All Others Must Have DataRadical process had undergone an astonishing breeze through in the 1950s and 1960s. William Halsted had become the patron saint of malignant neoplastic disease surgery in the United States. But at St. Bartholomews Hospital in London, a reanimate named Geoffrey Keynes was not convinced.In August 1924, Keynes examined a patient with breast cancer. Rather than reaching indiscriminately for a free radical procedure, he opted for a much more(prenominal) conservative strategy. He buried fifty milligrams of radium in her breast to irradiate her tumour and monitored her to observe the effect. Surprisingly, he found a marked improvement. Her tumour had reduced so rapidly that Keynes might be able to remove it with a minor surgery.Over the next five years, Keynes tried other variations of the resembling strategy. The most successful variation was to remove the tumors with a minor surgery, followed by a small dose of radiation to the breast. Nothing was radical, yet their cancer regress rate was comparable to those got by using radical surgery in Baltimore and New York. In 1927, Keynes reviewed his experience combining local surgery with radiation in a technical report to his department. But his theory and operation were ignored by American surgeons. They called Keyness surgery lumpectomy.In 1953, a colleague of Keyness gave a rattle on on the history of breast cancer at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, focusing on Keyness observations on minimal surgery for the breast. In the audience was a youngish surgeon named George Barney Crile. Crile had learned the radical mastectomy from students of Halsted. But he was having his own doubts about radical mastectomy. As Crile poured through Keyness data, the flaw in the logic of radical surgery came to light. If the breast cancer was locally confined, then it could be cured by a small local surgery. Radical surgery could add no benefit. I f the tumor had already spread outside the breast, then even the most exhaustive surgery would be use slight.Crile gave up on radical mastectomy and treated breast cancer using an approach connatural to Keyness. Over six years, he found that the effect of his simple mastectomy was remarkably similar to Keyness, with patient survival rates similar to those got from radical mastectomy.A Pennsylvania surgeon named Bernard Fisher had also lost faith in radical mastectomy. In 1971, Fisher organized a clinical trial through the NSABP National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project to test the efficacy of radical mastectomy against lumpectomy+radiation and simple mastectomy. It took Fisher 10 years to gather that data. 1,765 patients from 34 centers in the United States and Canada enrolled in the trial. Patients were randomized into three groups one treated with simple mastectomy, the second with lumpectomy followed by radiation, and the third with radical Mastectomy. The results of the trial were made public in 1981. The rates of breast cancer relapse, death, and metastasis were statistically identical among all three groups.Radical mastectomy is rarely, if ever, performed by surgeons today.In 1973, a 22-year-old veterinary student in Indiana named John Cleland was diagnosed with metastatic testicular cancer-cancer of the testes. The cancer had metastasized into his lungs and lymph nodes. In 1973, the survival rate for such a cancer was less than 5 percent. Cleland was under the care of a young oncologist named Larry Einhorn in the cancer ward at Indiana University. Einhorn initially treated Cleland with a three-drug cocktail called ABO, which was found to be marginally effective. In the fall of 1974, Einhorn replaced the ABO government with a new chemical called cisplatin. Other researchers had seen transient responses in testicular cancer patients treated with cisplatin. Einhorn valued to see if he could increase the response rate by combining cisplatin w ith two other drugs. For Celand, it was a choice between the uncertainty of the new regimen and the certainty of death. He took the gamble and enrolled as patient zero for BVP, the new regimen containing bleomycin, vinblastine, and cisplatin. Ten days later, the tumors in Clelands lungs had vanished.By 1975, twenty additional patients had enrolled in the trial all with remarkable and durable responses similar to Celands. By the late winter of 1976, it had become clear that some of these patients would not relapse at all.***Meanwhile, the NCI had off-key into a factory of toxins. With money from the National Cancer Act, the institutes drug-discovery program was testing zillions of chemicals each year to discover new cytotoxic drugs. The money also ruttish enormous, multi-site trials, turning academic centers into drug factories and cancer hospitals into efficient trial-running machines.It was trial and error on a humongous scale, not targeted research. In one NCI-sponsored trial, known as the eight-in-one study, children with brain tumors were administered eight drugs in a day. Most of the children died soon afterward, having only marginally responded to the chemotherapy.

Anthropology Reflection on Death

Anthropology Reflection on DeathVado Tergum In VicisVado Tergum In Vicis I hear him mumble as I cradled him and watched him close his eyes, inhale a deep breath one last judgment of conviction before dozing off in a deep unending slumber. Those were his last words. It has been weeks since my grandad passed away(p) just his words still echo in my head, as if those were only state yesterday. I was going through some of the things in his office when something of interest caught my attention. There, stashed between collections of replicas of fossil fragments, valu competent artifacts and dusty pile of scratch papers and moldy keeps he gathered from eld of field work, was a sm alone, odd looking, leather overhaul. Written on its very first page were the exact same words he held before he died. I knew instantly that the make was of something special. However, browsing through its worn out dusty pages, I was only left with disappointment for the book did not contain anything aside from descriptions and a few drawings of our supposed hu firearm ancestors.My grandfather was an anthropologist, and a brilliant one I should boast. He spent his days doing field work in different parts of the world until it was time for him to s point beca mapping of his old age. B new(prenominal)ed by my grandfathers last words, I again went through his book, this time going through and reading every chapter, entry by entry, repeating his last words over and over in my head while reading every word in the book, hoping to make sense of the phrase. Suddenly, I felt a weird sensation crawling up my spine, and then everything started spinning right before my eyes until it all went black.Chirp Chirp Chirp Chirp I heard little chirping sounds as I awoke from a unconnected and an unexpected deep sleep. Chirp Chirp Chirp Chirp I heard them once more. Not noticing that I woke up in a different place, I set off to find where the noise was coming from until I came upon a near of hungry li ttle eaglets. Marveling at the cumulation of the poor little creatures, it last occurred to me where I really was, on top of a tree in a obscure and unfamiliar place somewhere and not in my grandfathers office where I remembered reading before blacking out. Thinking it was only a dream, I started stretching hoping to finally wake up in the comfort of my grandfathers office. besides to my disbelief, instead of slender hu gentleman arms, big, strong wings came out and stretched in all its strength. Still astonished and clueless of how I transformed into this magnificent creature in a single snap, I was left with no choice but to function in this new form and accept the responsibility of looking after my young eaglets.While flying above the surface, I observed the ring area. It was not the typical lush green forest one may find in a typical forest or a set somewhere. The area is a dry savanna grassland with trees scattered widely apart (Forey Blaxland, 2013). Then at a distanc e, not very far from where I was thrilling, I noticed a group of species with very distinct features. They have a relatively hairless, tall, slender long legged body complemented by an upright altitude and a monotoneter face with merciful-like projecting nose (Forey Blaxland, 2013). Then it hit me, could it be that this species were the same as or the ones being described in my grandfathers book? Is it possible that I have time traveled 1.9 to 1.5 million years in the past (Smithsonian field of study Museum of indwelling History, n.d.) through his book to witness firsthand the existence of the humans ergaster, which was the earliest known human ancestor to have possessed more human-like features (Forey Blaxland, 2013.), in East and South Africa (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.)? If this was the case, then I can still travel back to the present time and be a human again.The thought of being able to travel back to the present time and be a person again fi lled me with so much joy and excitement that I quick perched on the nearest tree that enabled me a view where I could observe and watch them more closely. Remembering my grandfathers notes and having personally observed the species, which I will now refer to as the human ergaster, it can be verified that their relative hairlessness and erect stature can account for the benefit of body cooling techniques (Forey Blaxland, 2013) and for their life on the ground as their climbing adaptations got lost with the development of their ability to walk, run and travel long distances (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.). Notable, among the Homo ergaster was their development, discovery and utilization of tools and fire which I have found drawings in grandfathers book. According to the description in his notes, tools which included cleavers, hand axes and picks were excavated together with the ergasters fossils (Forey Blaxland, 2013). The tools were used mainly in captur e and butchering big animals and heavy wood working (Forey Blaxland, 2013).Is that fire I can regulate flickering at a distance? I excitedly thought to myself. I get out fly there and check what is happening. Oh, I can tick it now Theyre making fire (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.) I exclaimed happily. But for what reason are they making it? Eager to know, I continued to hover near the area. A few moments later, when the fire is burning big enough, the species then placed chunks of meat, maybe from some beast, and plant tubers found all over the savanna (ONeil, 2013) over the burning pile of wood as if they were in a barbecue party. How amazing I exclaimed, These creatures already have knowledge making and provision with fire (Forey Blaxland, 2013). Amazed, I decided to stay a little longer hoping to learn more about them. I built a new nest on a near tree so that I could still look after my young while studying this fascinating group of species. establis h from my close observations of them, I can infer that there is a clear parallelism between the Homo ergaster and our more modern human species, like assist and caring for the sick or injured, although there were no evidences of them deliberately burying their dead, staying or living within family based social bonds, an extended period of puerility (Forey Blaxland, 2013), and communicating through a limited range of sounds and gestures (ONeil, 2013). Also, there existed a pattern of cooperation in Homo ergaster males and females which can be attributed to a decreased cozy dimorphism between them (Forey Blaxland, 2013).Until one day, as I was searching for food to feed my young, that sudden strange feeling I felt before coming into this strange new place came to me again. My wings suddenly grew numb and I started falling, I lost consciousness. Few moments later, I woke up, sitting in my grandfathers office, the book in my lap. Terrified by the experience, I decided to keep the boo k away but found myself seconds later more drawn to it, browsing and crook its every page. Then before I had the strength to put it away, the strange feeling crept through me again, then, I found myself in another strange place. This time, in a grassland area with a more temperate and cooler climate (ONeil, 2013) far from the dry savannas of East and South Africa. Abounding in conglomerate steppes, the environment proved to be an ideal habitat for large grazing animals (ONeil, 2013). Wondering why the book brought me to such an environment, I started wandering through the area. As I go about surveying the new surroundings, I getd that something very strange was happening. Other animals ran away at the instant they saw me coming. Puzzled, I continued until I came across a small pond. Hot from hours of walking, I decided to wash my face and drink from the crystal clear waters of the pond. But as I bent near the waters surface, this massive tigers face appeared and stared right at m e from the water. Terrified, I quickly pulled myself away from the waters surface and got on my feet to survey the area of the lurking beast. Realizing I was genuinely alone, I again went near the water only to realize that the tigers reflection which scared me earlier was actually mine. Dumbfounded at the idea that I am now a ferocious predator, it make me realize that not only did my grandfathers notebook allowed me to travel through time but also, it enabled me to shape shift to a different creature in each time period.The sound of passing footsteps pulled me from my thoughts. At a distance, there was a group of short and stocky men, with large faces characterized by a flat nose, a low sloping forehead and massive brow ridge (Forey, 2013) dragging the carcass of a boar, slit open, indicating that it was attacked and eaten by bigger predator and was not killed by the men. Unaware of the present time period and geographic location where I am in, and seeing a resemblance between th ese men and the species of Homo ergaster which I have observed in the African continent, led me to assume and establish a connection between these two species. While secretly spy the group from behind the bushes as to keep my presence unknown, memories from reading grandfathers notes in his office suddenly rushed through me. Then I remembered reading on the part when some groups of Homo ergaster started to move out of Africa and dispersed in parts of Asia and Europe 1.8 to 1.7 million years ago (ONeil, 2013) and might have evolved into more complex beings or side branched into a different species. With this in mind, the idea finally struck me. The book brought me to Asia to meet the Homo erectus, possibly an ancestor or a distant cousin (ONeil, 2013) of the modern human species, who lived 1.6 million 100,000 years ago (Forey, 2013). But where exactly am I in Asia? China or Indonesia? As I have knowledge that the Homo erectus were geographically distributed in regions of these coun tries (Forey, 2013). Judging from the immediate surroundings and the cool climate, I can say that I was in China. Eager to learn more about them, I decided to follow them until they led me to what seems a small settlement. There, I observed that these species, like the ergaster, live in small band-societies, somewhat similar to the hunter-gatherer band societies (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.) Tools can also be found in the settlement. However, comparing them to those of the ergasters, one may notice that the tools of the erectus were more primitive as they were only simple choppers and fake tools (Forey, 2013). Also, I have seen no evidence of their use of fire which their cousins in Africa utilized (Forey, 2013). When it comes to their pabulum, I have observed that it mainly lie of meat supplemented by vegetables, nuts, fruits and berries (Forey, 2013).Dried twigs and branches on the ground loudly loco as I accidentally stepped on them informing the erect us of a presence nigh. Fearing that they become aware of my presence, I remained silently still, hidden behind the bushes. Then, I feel movement behind me. And when I turned around, it was too late for he had already lifted and thrown a big boulder in my direction. Frightened, I just closed my eyes and helplessly waited for the rock to hit me until I blacked out. A few moments later, I was very thankful to have wakened again in my grandfathers library. Thrilled with what was happening, I continued reading the book until I again found myself in another place, in another time period, in another creatures form. Just as I regained my consciousness, spears and arrows made of flint started striking in my direction. Groups of men started chasing after me as I transformed into a deer when I came here. I ran and ran until I lost them. Now, having knowledge that I have time traveled 400, 000 200, 000 years in the past, in Europe, or maybe in Central or East Asia, in search of the Homo sapi ens neanderthalensis (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.) which I think were the ones chasing me earlier, I immediately set off to find their settlements but anxious that once they saw me, will end up killing me for food as their diet mainly consist of meat and other vegetables (Forey, 2013). After hours of roaming in the new environment, I finally reached their settlement, but only observing them on a nearby hill, hidden from their sight. Living under cold climate to temperate climates in woodland and steppe environments (Natural History Museum, n.d), the Neanderthals developed a short and stocky physique that allows them better conservation and regulation of body heat which enabled them to survive glacial periods (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.). They also have a large middle face characterized by a double arched brow ridge, angled cheekbones and large nose utilized in warming and humidifying cold air (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.).The Neanderthals live in complex groups and have advanced tools made of stone and flint such as blades, arrows, spears, hand axes and other flake tools which they used in hunting my kind and other big animals (Natural History Museum, n.d). Then something caught my attention. What are they doing? I thought, as I saw a few of them carry one mans body to another hill adjacent my location. Curious, I went closer but still hiding from them. Are they doing what I think it is? I exclaimed as I saw them place the body in what seems like a grave and cover it with dirt. Are they burying their dead? To confirm my observation, I went to the other site where I saw them bury the man the moment they left. To my disbelief, I saw many other what seems as graves, the hill was a graveyard. This practice of actually burying their dead by the Neanderthals (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.) really amazed me. Aside from this, they also have other activities and behaviors very similar to that of modern humans, which other human ancestors doesnt have or practice, like covering their bodies with clothes made from animal skin, plants or barks coming from trees, making and controlled use of fire, making exemplary or decorative ornaments, and sometimes marking the graves with flowers and other ornaments (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.). I suddenly felt a stinging sensation. An arrow has pierced through my back. One of the Neanderthals went back to the grave to offer flowers, saw me and fired a shot. Suffering from the pain, I mustered all my strength and tried to run away. suppuration weak because of blood loss, I collapsed, The last thing I remember was laying on the ground, the man, an axe in his hand, then, everything went black.Expecting to be waking up in my grandfathers office, I was in utter confusion to have found myself inside a tent when I regained consciousness. Still confused where I was and why I ended up in such a pl ace, I heard a familiar voice from behind, What took you so long? it said Ive been expecting you. And when I turned around, there, standing behind me was my grandfather. I couldnt believe what my eyes just saw, What is grandfather doing here Is he alive? Am I dead? Is he the devil disguising as my grandfather? these thoughts filled my mind. Do not fear my boy. You are not dead nor I was the man said. Come, I will tell you the whole story, he revealed the secrets of the book, how he was able to travel through time through it, until we reached a settlement crowded with tents made from tanned hides of big animals like the wooly mammoth, sewn together, wrapped around logs and were pulled to the ground with big rocks or dirt (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.). Then he introduced me the other people in the settlement and I found out that they were the Cro-Magnons who lived 35,000 10,000 years ago in Europe (Foley, 2002), my grandfather and I, now one of them. These pe ople, conflicting their contemporaneous Neanderthals, were tall and muscular in stature closely resembling modern humans although more robustly built (Foley, 2002). According to grandfather, these people, during the winter months and those living in colder areas wore clothes made from skins of animals whereas during the summer months and warmer seasons, the Cro-Magnons clothe themselves in woven barks or grass (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.). They were a semi-nomadic, hunter-gatherer society who used to hunt big game like the bison, mammoth, deer (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.) with finely crafted tools like spears, javelin, arrows made from made from bones, flint and antler points (Foley, 2002), as their diet mainly consist of meat and vegetables (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, n.d.). The Cro-Magnons also made use of fire, made necklaces and other ornaments from pieces of shell and animal teeth, cared for the sick and believed to bury the deceased in a single grave in cave shelters (Foley, 2002). These people also utilized manganese and iron oxide to paint pictures depicting their culture and activities on cave walls (Foley, 2002), most famous of which were the ones found in France. Having coexisted with the Neanderthals in Europe there is a possibility of interbreeding between these two human species. However, with the extinction of the Neanderthals some 28,000 years ago, one possible reason was competition and hunting between the two (Foley, 2002).Having experienced all these, made me appreciate and understand more the complexity of human beings. How they have evolved from simple, unassuming beings to more intelligent and complex ones is one of our species greatest mysteries. But the question lingers? Have we, as the most complex and evolved human species occupying the top spot in this great chain of human evolution, reached our perfect and final form? Or are we, like the great ancestors before us, still bear with and are capable of evolving as we discover and learn new things with the passing of time?Strolling inside one of the caves, marveling at the artistic paintings on the cave walls, a leopard suddenly jumps in front of us. Then, I heard my grandfather Vado Tergum In Vicis and before I knew it, we were back in my fathers room, on his deathbed, him in my arms, the book in my hands.Noelle Patricia AlonteReferencesDorey, F. B. Blaxland. (2013). Homo ergaster. Australian Museum. Retrieved from http//australianmuseum.net.au/homo-ergasterDorey, F. (2013). Homo erectus. Australian Museum. Retrieved from http//australianmuseum.net.au/homo-erectusDorey, F. (2013). Homo neanderthalensis. Australian Museum. Retrieved from http//australianmuseum.net.au/homo-neanderthalensisDorey, F. (2014). Homo sapiens. Australian Museum. Retrieved from http//australianmuseum.net.au/homo-sapiens-modern-humansFoley, J. (2002). Fossil hominids Cro-magnon man. Retrieved from http//www.talkorigi ns.org/faqs/homs/cromagnon.htmlNatural History Museum. (n.d.). Neanderthalensis (Homo neanderthalensis). Retrieved from http//www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/human-origins/early-human-family/neanderthals/index.htmlONeil, D. (2013). Homo Erectus. Retrieved from http//anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htmSmithsonian. (n.d.). Human evolution evidence. Retrieved from http//humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/cro-magnon-1

Benefits of Training Needs Analysis (TNA)

Benefits of Training Needs Analysis (TNA)Improve the process which results in spending less time to fix the employees mistake and the information cab be accessed faster than beforeReduce the cost which is used to pay for stave turn over and recruitment. In addition, when the staffs work more efficient, it will increase the productivity as well as the money paid for maintenance.Enhance the lolly by increasing the sales and improving customer satisfactionIncrease staff satisfaction because when the staff knows that the employer is investing in them, they will be happier and substantiation longer in the organisation. Furthermore, during the teach, the staff can develop their leaders and communication skills which can be use in the job.According to Blanchard et al. (2010para. 1), there are dickens approaches to TNA which are called proactive and reactive.The proactive TNA focuses on foreseeing the performance problems which may occur in the future in the company. Therefore, the strat egic plan can be created and applied to help the employees handle these changes (Blanchard et al. 2010 para. 2). For example Heinz, a food manufacturer, when they decided to use a laster technology to produce the ketchup, they did the training before the juvenile forge was bought.In the proactive TNA, the manager will withdraw to conduct three analysis (Blanchard et al. 2010 para 5), they includeThe organisation analysis the proactive begins with the plan in order to help the organisation adapt the expected changes and new objectives.Operational analysis by collecting information on the current and future tasks to severalize the KSAs required to perform effectively in different areas.Person analysis the evaluation can be identical for the proactive and reactive, and the provided information must be applicable.The reactive TNA (leopard learning.com n.d on telephone circuit) focuses on pick outing the current problems in the job performance and determine if the training is im poverishmented. Example may include new technology, high staff turnover, high accident rate, increasing customer complaints, and poor management practices.In the reactive TNA, the organisation analysis, operational analysis, and person analysis are also conducted, however it barely focuses on one particular department or the issue on a particular part of the job (Blanchard et al. 2010 para 16).Employers do not inescapably exact well-trained employees. I know that may sound like heresy coming from someone employed in higher education, but what employers truly need is employees who perform well. Training is one way to attain desired performance, but its not the only way ( Stetar, 2005, online)The TNA can be conducted by the following go (Flinders University, n.d. online)Step 1 Analyse the jobBefore the TNA is conducted, it is important to understand the job by collecting the information which can be based on the job description. All these resources will provide information about t he job responsibilities, knowledge and skill required to perform efficiently.Step 2 Identify the fractureThere are many methods which can be used to identify the gap. However, the managers have to choose which method will be used and how. Moreover, they need to check out that the information is useful, correct and complete.Three main methods can be utilised by the managers in the organisation (Anthony et. lc 2002 p. 210-211) includeObservation in this method, the managers will detect the employees performance to see if they are doing their jobs well. In order to ensure this method is productive, the check list should be used.Interviewing by using this method, it allows the managers to meet their employees face to face, and then they can have a chance to understand the companys situation as well as the employees themselves.Questionnaires if this method is used, all possible tasks that are presently performed must be listed. The advantage of this method is that the managers can in clude everyone and does not need to travel or spend time with each of them.Each of the method has its gain however the manager should never be dependent on one method. Therefore, they should be combined and use together.Step 3 Decide the training dissolvers formerly the gap is identified, the training solutions should be undertaken to find the best way which can close the knowledge or skill gaps. The training can be do by using different options such asOn the job training, one on one training during the work timeThe managers or old employees becoming a mentor to any employeesImprove the skill and knowledge through college, university or technical school educationJob rotation contend online trainingThe training can happen in a short term or long term course. However, the time and cost will forever need to be considered.Step 4 Evaluating the result after trainingAfter training the result has to be checked to see if the gap has been closed(a) and if it was accomplished byAsking t he staff member to perform on the task which they are trained onLooking at the product line to determine if there is still neglected skills or knowledgeConclusion and RecommendationIn conclusion, the TNA is a process which can be used to identify the skills and knowledge gap in order to close it (Drummond 1991, p. 4). In addition, it can happen within a short term period or over a long term plan by using the proactive and reactive TNA on the level of organisation, operation and individual (Blanchard et al. 2010para. 2). However, according to Bill Stetar (2005, para. 4), training is not always the only solution because the employers may need the employees who can perform competently.My goal is to become a hotel manager.Hotel managers (Baxter 2010, para 1) are muckle whom channelise the room rental businesses and manage staffs within the hotel. The duties can be varied depending on the size and type of the business. However, the following requirement is normally compulsory to be met .Know how to manage and maintain the facilitiesAbility to observe and supervise the employees performanceUnderstand and work efficiently in different areas in the hotelHave a strong leadership skill to allocate the staffBe able to solve and anticipate the problemsHave good communication skill which can be used to handle the customer as well as the employeesHave four years experience in the hotel industryGraduate from a university with a recognised qualificationPlan in advance to maximize the profit and monitor the expensesDeal with suppliers to get products with good qualityKnow how to deal with people who are from different backgrounds, race and belief.Good computer skillThe skills and qualification which I currently possessed areCertificate IV in cordial reception (Commercial Cookery), therefore I have a knowledge about food and services in the restaurantHigher Diploma in Accounting, which can be useful for budgeting and financial managementBe able to monitor and maintain the fac ilities in the premisesComputer skillHence, the skill, knowledge and qualification that I need to achieve in order to become a hotel manager areComplete a Bachelor in Hospitality Management course at university or collegeGood communication skill will be requiredDevelop the leadership skillHave experience in the hotel industry trouble solving skills to help the business run smoothly and deal with customersInteraction skills to manage and deal with the staffDecision making and planning skillsWhen the gap is identified, the solution must be carried out.To obtain the qualification for hospitality management, it can be done in The Hotel School Sydney which is located at 117 Macquarie Street, Sydney NSW 2000. They offer a new course in February, 2011 with a tuition fee of 18,000 Australian dollars (The Hotel School Sydney 2010 online). In the course, they provide the knowledge about food and beverage operation, tourism and hospitality management, problem solving, decision making, leadersh ip skill, and room operation. In addition, during the course, the student will have a real life experience by studying and running(a) in the hotel. As a result, it will be an opportunity for me to obtain the qualification as well as improve my communication, problem solving and leadership skill.Moreover, by undertaking the conflict management course at ACS Distance Education, they teach skills that deal with conflict which is very useful for a hotel manager. The fee is 726 Australian dollars for 100 hours (ACS Distance Education 2010 online) and I can study this course online. Furthermore, in order to gain more experience in hotel industry, I need to work for a small hotel first because in a small hotel I will learn how to operate a hotel and then move on to a bigger hotel.

Government Essay examples -- Analysis, Locke, Mill

According to Hobbes the need to create a form of government arises from fulfilling the need of security. In line of battle for government to provide this security, it is necessary for government to be able to use its potentiality in any way it pleases. Locke and Mill on the other slew accept that government should be able to provide security for its citizens, but in decree to do this government does not need to be too large rather it should be limited. Thus, the question arises of how limited government should be in order to provide security. In this case, should government be able to use its authority in any way it pleases as Hobbes argues or should there be a limit placed on governmental power as argued by Locke and Mill? I believe that a powerful government can exist and provide its citizens with the necessary security while being limited. There is no need for government to be large in order to achieve this. Although both Locke and Mill have a just understanding of what the limits of government should be, I find Lockes understanding more persuasive. Locke writes that while government should restrict our freedom in order for us to avoid returning to the state of record , the amount of restriction should be limited. For Locke, we be all in the State of Nature before any form of government is created (289). And since humans have a tendency to live in groups as well as desire to avoid the State of War, humans subject to a common power creating a common government and giving up natural power. Therefore, once this contract is created it is only then that we step out of the State of Nature. Hobbes, on the other hand, writes that the self-reliant should have as much authority as possible to govern as needed. Nevertheless, Hobbes just as Locke belie... ... to be than just this. Mill has the right motif of balancing freedom and limits but that is not enough. Hobbes, on the other hand proposes a well though out government. However, the fact that he believes that in order for government to work it needs to be huge makes me think of a monarchy right away. I believe the people should have the right to speak up for what they believe in as well as have the right to go against government if and when they feel the laws being imposed by government are not moral. However, if we were to subdue to Hobbes form of government we give up any right whatsoever to disagree with the sovereign. Therefore, Lockes governmental proposal is a remainder between that of Hobbess and Mills. After all, when a man steps out of the State of Nature it is not to create absolute monarchy, as Hobbes believe but to create o form of civil government.